Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. ter-, terə- : tr̥̄-, trā-, teru- 'to cross, get over, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Bridge
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tungeþrum | n | tongue ligament | W7 |
| Middle English: | determinen | vb | to determine | W7 |
| terme | n | term, boundary | W7 | |
| thrum | n | thrum | W7 | |
| English: | determine | vb | to fix conclusively/authoritatively | AHD/W7 |
| exterminate | vb.trans | to annihilate, get rid of completely | AHD/W7 | |
| term | n | end, boundary, termination | AHD/W7 | |
| terminate | vb | to close, bring to end | AHD/W7 | |
| terminus | n | final goal, finishing point | AHD/W7 | |
| thrum | n | warp thread fringe left on loom after cloth is removed | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | drum | n | fragment | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þrǫmr | n.masc | edge, rim (of shield) | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dēterminō, dētermināre | vb | to determine | W7 |
| exterminatus | vb.ptc | exterminated | W7 | |
| exterminō, extermināre | vb | to exterminate | W7 | |
| intrō, intrāre | vb | to enter, go into | RPN | |
| terminatus | vb.ptc | finished, limited | W7 | |
| terminō, termināre | vb | to finish, limit | W7 | |
| terminus | n.masc | term | W7 | |
| trāns | adv/prep | over, across | RPN | |
| Old French: | terme | n.masc | term | W7 |
| Middle French: | determiner | vb | to determine | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | τέρμων | n.masc | term | LS |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | tar-ah̯-zi | vb.3.sg.pres | to conquer, control, be powerful | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tárati | vb | to pass over/across/through | RPN |
| tārayati | vb.caus | to bring over/across/through | RPN | |
| tiráḥ | adv | over, across, through | RPN | |
| tū́rvati | vb | to excel, overpower | RPN | |
| trāyáte | vb | to defend, protect | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| caus | = | causative |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
