Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. ter- 'through, over, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Path
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | nosþyr(e)l, nosterl | n.neut | nostril | ASD/W7 |
| þurh | adv/prep | through, by (means of) | LRC | |
| ðurhwadan, ðurhwōd, ðurhwōdon, ðurhwaden | vb.str.VI | to pierce, penetrate | LRC | |
| þuruh | adv/prep | thorough | W7 | |
| þyrel | n.neut | hole, orifice, aperture | W7 | |
| þyr(e)lian | vb | to pierce, perforate, make hole through | W7 | |
| Middle English: | nosethirl | n | nostril | W7 |
| thirlen | vb | to pierce | W7 | |
| thorow | adv/prep | thorough | W7 | |
| thrillen | vb | to pierce | W7 | |
| through | prep | through | W7 | |
| thruh | prep | through | W7 | |
| thurh | prep | through | W7 | |
| traunsom | n | transom | W7 | |
| trenche | n | trench, track cut through woods | W7 | |
| tronke | n | trunk | W7 | |
| English: | avatar | n | incarnation of Hindu deity | AHD/W7 |
| caravansary | n | caravan stop/inn | AHD/W7 | |
| lamasery | n | monastery of lamas | AHD/W7 | |
| nostril | n | external naris | AHD/W7 | |
| seraglio | n | large harem | AHD | |
| serai | n | inn, khan, choltry, caravansary; seraglio | AHD/CDC | |
| thorough | arch.adv/prep | through | AHD/W7 | |
| thrill | vb | to cause to experience sudden sharp excitement | AHD/W7 | |
| through | prep | in one side/point and out another | AHD/W7 | |
| trans- | pfx | across, beyond, on/to other side of | AHD/W7 | |
| transact | vb | to carry out, perform | AHD/W7 | |
| transcend | vb | to exceed, go beyond, rise above | AHD/W7 | |
| transect | vb | to cut transversely | AHD/W7 | |
| transmute | vb | to convert, change/alter in form/nature/appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| transom | n | crosspiece, transverse piece in structure | AHD/W7 | |
| trench | n | ditch, long cut in ground | AHD/W7 | |
| truculent | adj | cruel, fierce, savage | AHD/W7 | |
| truncate | vb.trans | to lop, shorten by cutting off | AHD/W7 | |
| trunk | n | bole, main stem of tree | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | nosterle | n | nostril | ASD |
| thruch | prep | through | ASD | |
| Dutch: | door | prep | through | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | thurh, thuru | prep | through | ASD |
| Old Low German: | thurh, thuru(o) | prep | through | ASD |
| Old High German: | durh, duruh, durah, dureh | prep | through | ASD/W7 |
| durh-watan | vb | to pass through | ASD | |
| German: | durch | prep | through | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þairh | prep | through, by (means of), on account of | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | tra(ns)- | pfx | through, across, beyond, so as to change | W7 |
| trans | prep | across, beyond | W7 | |
| transigo, transigere, transegi, transactus | vb | to transact, complete, drive through | W7 | |
| transtrum | n.neut | transom, traverse beam | W7 | |
| truculentus | adj | mean, grumpy, truculent | W7 | |
| truncatus | vb.ptc | cut off | W7 | |
| truncō, truncāre | vb | to maim, truncate | W7 | |
| truncus | n.masc | trunk, torso | W7 | |
| trux, trucis | adj | fierce | W7 | |
| Spanish: | tras- | pfx | trans- | W7 |
| Middle French: | trenche | n.fem | act of cutting | W7 |
| trenchier | vb | to cut | W7 | |
| tronc | n.masc | trunk | W7 | |
| French: | lamaserie | n.fem | lamasery | W7 |
| Italian: | serraglio | n | seraglio, enclosure | W7 |
| tra | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | kārwānsarāī | n | caravansary | W7 |
| sarāī | n | palace, serai: inn | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | avatarati | vb | to descend | W7 |
| avatāra | n | descent | W7 | |
| tarati, tirati | vb | to cross over | AHD/W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
