Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ters- 'to toast, dry; thirst'
Semantic Field(s): Dry, Arid, Thirst (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | tur | adj | dry, dried out | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þurst | n.masc | thirst | W7 |
| þyrre | adj | dry, withered | RPN | |
| Middle English: | enteren | vb | to inter | W7 |
| fumeterre | n | fumitory | W7 | |
| terrene | adj | terrene | W7 | |
| terrestrial | adj | terrestrial | W7 | |
| territory | n | territory | W7 | |
| thirst | n | thirst | W7 | |
| tosten | vb | to toast | W7 | |
| English: | cusk | n | tusk: N Atlantic coastal food fish | AHD |
| fumitory | n | family of erect/climbing herbs | AHD/W7 | |
| inter | vb.trans | to bury, deposit (body) in earth/tomb | AHD/W7 | |
| parterre | n | ornamental garden having paths between beds | AHD/W7 | |
| subterranean | adj | being/lying/operating under earth's surface | AHD/W7 | |
| tarsus | n | part of vertebrate foot between leg/metatarsus | AHD/W7 | |
| terrace | n | colonnaded porch/promenade | AHD/W7 | |
| terrain | n | region, geographical area | AHD/W7 | |
| terraqueous | adj | re: land and water | AHD/W7 | |
| terrene | adj | earthly, mundane | AHD/W7 | |
| terrestrial | adj | re: earth/its inhabitants | AHD/W7 | |
| terre-verte | n | olive-green pigment | AHD | |
| terricolous | adj | living on/in ground | AHD/W7 | |
| terrier | n | small dog (breed) | AHD/W7 | |
| terrigenous | adj | formed by erosive action of tides/currents/rivers | AHD/W7 | |
| territory | n | geographic area under governmental authority | AHD/W7 | |
| thirst | n | sensation of dryness in mouth/throat | AHD/W7 | |
| toast | vb | to make (e.g. bread) crisp/brown via heat | AHD/W7 | |
| torrent | n | violent stream of liquid (e.g. water/lava) | AHD/W7 | |
| torrid | adj | hot, parched with (sun's) heat | AHD/W7 | |
| tureen | n | deep bowl for serving food (e.g. soup) | AHD/W7 | |
| turmeric | n | aromatic herb of E India | AHD/W7 | |
| tusk | n | (kind of) codfish | AHD | |
| verditer | n | copper carbonate used as pigment | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | thurst | n.masc | thirst | ASD |
| Old Low German: | thurritha | adj | dryness | ASD |
| Old High German: | durri | adj | dry, arid, parched | ASD |
| durst | n.masc | thirst | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Dorsch | n | cod | LRC |
| Durst | n.masc | thirst | LRC | |
| Kartoffel | n.fem | potato | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þerra | n.fem | towel | LRC |
| þorskr | n | cod | KNW | |
| Icelandic: | þorsti | n.masc | thirst | ASD |
| þurr | adj | dry, lacking water | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | to(r)sk | n | tusk | AHD |
| tusk | n.dial | tusk | AHD | |
| Danish: | kartoffel | n | potato | TLL |
| torsk | n | cod | TLL | |
| Swedish: | torsk | n | cod | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gaþaúrsnan | vb.wk.IV | to be withered | LRC |
| þaursjan | vb | to be thirsty | RPN | |
| þaurstei | n.masc | thirst | ASD | |
| þaursus | adj | dry, withered | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | teerún, terún | n | earth | RPN |
| Latin: | praetorium | n.neut | territory of praetorians | W7 |
| subterraneus, subterranei | adj | underground | LRC | |
| terra, terrae | n.fem | earth, land | LRC | |
| terrenus | adj | of earth | W7 | |
| terrestris | adj | of the earth | W7 | |
| terricola | n.fem | earth dweller | W7 | |
| terrigena | n.fem | earth-born | W7 | |
| territorium | n.neut | territory, land around town | W7 | |
| -torium | n.sfx | place for (something) | W7 | |
| torrens, torrentis | vb.ptc | burning, seething, rushing | W7 | |
| torreō, torrēre | vb | to bake, parch, dry up | RPN | |
| torridus | adj | torrid, burnt, parched | RPN | |
| tostus | vb.ptc | parched, roasted | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | interro, interrare | vb | to bury (a body) | W7 |
| terrinus | n.masc | earth, terrain | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | tosto, tostāre | vb | to roast | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | terrarius | n.masc | terrier; hole in ground (where small animals live) | W7 |
| New Latin: | tarsus | n.masc | wicker-work mat; flat of foot, ankle, edge of eyelid | W7 |
| Old French: | enterrer | vb | to bury | W7 |
| Middle French: | fumeterre | n.fem | smoke of the earth | W7 |
| parterre | n.masc | lawn, parterre | W7 | |
| terrace | n.fem | terrace | W7 | |
| terrin | adj | of earth | W7 | |
| toster | vb | to roast | W7 | |
| French: | parterre | n.masc | parterre; rows of seat directly before stage in concert hall | W7 |
| terrain | n.masc | land, humus | W7 | |
| terrier | n.masc | type of dog; hole in ground (where small animals live) | W7 | |
| terrine | n.fem | tureen, earthen vessel | W7 | |
| torrent | n.masc | torrent, rushing waterfall | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | terra | n.fem | earth | W7 |
| terrassa | n.fem | meadow | W7 | |
| Italian: | tartufo | n | truffle | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ταρσός | n.masc | crate, wicker-work mat/frame; broad flat surface | LS |
| τέρσομαι | vb | to be(come) dry | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | taršu- | adj | parched, arid, dried up | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tṛṣṭá-ḥ | adj | dry, rough | RPN |
| tṛ́ṣyati | vb | to thirst | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
