Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆- 'to swell, intumesce'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | tūath | n | tribe, people | LRC |
| Middle Irish: | tarb | n.masc | bull | IED/W7 |
| Cornish: | tus | n | people | LRC |
| Welsh: | tūd | n | country | LRC |
| Gaulish: | Toutonos | prop.n | Teuton(s) | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | butere | n.fem | butter, cheese | W7 |
| þēod | n | folk, people | LRC | |
| þēod-cyning | n.masc | lit. folk-king | LRC | |
| þēoden | n.str.masc | king, lord, God | GED | |
| þēoh | n.neut | thigh | W7 | |
| þēostre, þēoster | adj | dark | ASD | |
| þīestre, þīstre | adj | dark | ASD | |
| þolian | vb | to bear | W7 | |
| þol(l) | n.masc | thole | W7 | |
| þūma | n.masc | thumb | W7 | |
| þūsend | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | W7 | |
| þȳmel | n.masc | thimble, thumbstall, fingerstall | W7 | |
| Middle English: | bitoure | n | bittern | W7 |
| butter | n | butter | W7 | |
| Duch | prop.adj/n | Dutch | W7 | |
| Taurus | prop.n | Taurus | W7 | |
| thigh | n | thigh | W7 | |
| tholen | vb | to thole | W7 | |
| tholle | n | thole | W7 | |
| thoumbe | n | thumb | W7 | |
| thoume | n | thumb | W7 | |
| thousand | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | W7 | |
| thymbyl | n | thimble | W7 | |
| tombe | n | tomb | W7 | |
| total | adj | total | W7 | |
| English: | bittern | n | small/medium-sized nocturnal heron | AHD/W7 |
| butter | n | solid food emulsion made by churning milk/cream | AHD/W7 | |
| butyric | adj | re: a certain isomeric fatty acid | AHD/W7 | |
| creosote | n | clear/yellowish oily liquid phenolic compounds made from wood tar | AHD/W7 | |
| detumescence | n | diminution of swelling | AHD/CDC | |
| dictyosome | n | plant cell Golgi apparatus | AHD | |
| Dutch | prop.adj/n | re: the Netherlands | AHD/W7 | |
| Éothéod | prop.n | Eorl's descendants in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| factotum | n | employee with misc. duties | AHD/W7 | |
| intumesce | vb.intrans | to swell, enlarge | AHD/W7 | |
| obturate | vb.trans | to close, obstruct | AHD/W7 | |
| Plattdeutsch | prop.n | Low German | LRC | |
| prosoma | n | anterior region of invertebrate body | AHD/W7 | |
| protuberance | n | knob, bulge, swelling | AHD | |
| protuberant | adj | re: protuberance | LRC | |
| protuberate | vb | to swell, bulge, be prominent/protuberant | AHD | |
| quark | n | soft creamy acid-cured central European cheese | AHD | |
| soma | n | all of organism except germ cells | AHD/W7 | |
| -some | n.sfx | body | AHD/W7 | |
| sorites | n | abridged series of syllogisms | AHD/W7 | |
| sorus | n | clustered plant reproductive bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| soteriology | n | theology dealing with salvation | AHD/W7 | |
| taurine | adj | bovine, re: bull | AHD/W7 | |
| taurine | n | colorless crystalline compound in muscle juices, esp. of invertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| taurocholic | adj | re: deliquescent acid occurring as sodium salt in bile of man/ox/various carnivores | AHD/W7 | |
| Taurus | prop.n | zodiacal constellation | AHD/W7 | |
| teetotum | n | spinning top/toy (usu. inscribed with letters) | AHD/W7 | |
| Teuton | prop.n | person in (ancient) Germanic group | LRC | |
| Théoden | prop.n | 17th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Théodred | prop.n | Theoden's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Théodwyn | prop.n | Eowyn's mother in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| thigh | n | segment of vertebrate hind limb from hip to knee | AHD/W7 | |
| thimble | n | finger cap/cover used in sewing to push needle | AHD/W7 | |
| thole | n | pin, peg, oarlock | AHD/W7 | |
| thole | vb | to bear, endure | AHD/W7 | |
| Thorin | prop.n | dwarf a.k.a. Oakenshield in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| thousand | nbr.card | 1000 | AHD/W7 | |
| thumb | n | first digit of primate hand (opposable to other fingers) | AHD/W7 | |
| tomb | n | grave, cairn, barrow, funeral mound | AHD/W7 | |
| toreador | n | torero, bullfighter | AHD/W7 | |
| torero | n | toreador, bullfighter | AHD/W7 | |
| total | adj | entire, comprising/constituting the whole | AHD/W7 | |
| truffle | n | European subterranean edible fruiting fungus body | AHD/W7 | |
| tuber | n | short fleshy usu. underground plant stem | AHD/W7 | |
| tumefacient | adj | tumefying, producing swelling/tumefaction | AHD | |
| tumefy | vb | to (cause to) swell, become tumorous | AHD | |
| tumescent | adj | somewhat swollen | AHD/W7 | |
| tumid | adj | enlarged, swollen, marked by swelling | AHD/W7 | |
| tumor | n | swollen/distended part | AHD/W7 | |
| tumorous | adj | swollen, protuberant, re: tumor | LRC | |
| tumulus | n | artificial mound/hillock (e.g. over tomb) | AHD/W7 | |
| tutti | adj | all | AHD/W7 | |
| tylectomy | n | surgical removal of cyst/tumor | AHD | |
| tylosis | n | skin/eyelid inflammation | AHD | |
| tyrosine | n | phenolic amino acid | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | tumour | n | tumor | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thiach | n.neut | thigh | ASD |
| thiade | n.fem | men, people | ASD | |
| thūma | n.masc | thumb | ASD | |
| thūsend | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | duutsch | adj | Dutch | W7 |
| Dutch: | dij | n | thigh | TLL |
| dol | n.masc | thole | ASD | |
| duim | n | thumb | TLL | |
| duister | adj | dark | LRC | |
| duitsch | n | German | W7 | |
| duizend | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| Platduitsch | prop.n | Plattdeutsch | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | thiod(a) | n.fem | people | ASD |
| thiod-kuning | n.masc | king, monarch, sovereign | ASD | |
| thūsundig | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | ASD | |
| þiodan | n.str.masc | prince, ruler, people's lord | GED | |
| Old Low German: | thio | n.neut | thigh | ASD |
| thūmo | n.masc | thumb | ASD | |
| thūsint | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | ASD | |
| Low German: | thiad | n.fem | nation, people | ASD |
| Old High German: | butera | n | butter | W7 |
| dioh | n.neut | thigh, hip | ASD/W7 | |
| diot(a) | n.fem | nation, people | ASD | |
| diutisc | adj | Dutch | W7 | |
| dūmo | n.masc | thumb | ASD | |
| dūsunt, tūsunt | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | ASD/W7 | |
| truhtīn | n | lord, ruler | GED | |
| tysyacha | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | W7 | |
| þūmo | n | thumb | W7 | |
| German: | Butter | n.neut | butter | LRC |
| Daumen | n.masc | thumb | LRC | |
| Deutsch | n.neut | German | LRC | |
| deutsch | adj | German | LRC | |
| Kartoffel | n.fem | potato | TLL | |
| kreosot | adj | creosote | W7 | |
| Plattdeutsch | prop.n | Plattdeutsch | W7 | |
| Tausend | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þoka | n | cloud | LRC |
| þollr | n.masc | tree (the ash Yggdrasil); post, pillar; beam | LRC | |
| þora(ð) | vb | to dare | LRC | |
| Þorinn | prop.n | Thorin (Voluspa dwarf) | TPE | |
| þorinn | n | bold/audacious one | LRC | |
| þýða, þýðadd | vb | to interpret as, make equivalent | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | drōttinn | n | prince | GED |
| þjóð | n | people | LRC | |
| þjōðann | n.str.masc | king, prince | GED | |
| Icelandic: | þjóð | n.fem | nation, people | ASD |
| þjóðann | n.masc | king, ruler, great man | ASD | |
| þjóðkonungr | n.masc | king, monarch, sovereign | ASD | |
| þollr | n.masc | thole, wooden peg | ASD | |
| þumall | n.masc | thumb (of glove) | ASD | |
| þúsund | nbr.card.fem | thousand (1000) | ASD | |
| Danish: | kartoffel | n | potato | TLL |
| taage | n | fog | TLL | |
| tol | n.masc | thole | ASD | |
| tolle-gang | n.masc | thole, row-lock | ASD | |
| tomme | n.masc | thumb | ASD | |
| tommelfinger | n | thumb | TLL | |
| tusinde | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| Swedish: | tumme | n.masc | thumb | ASD |
| tusen | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þiuda | n.str.fem | nation, people; [pl.] heathens, Gentiles | LRC |
| þiudans | n.masc | chief, prince, king | ASD/GED | |
| þiudisko | adv | like the heathen | GED/W7 | |
| þūsundi | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | touto | n.masc | city | W7 |
| Umbrian: | touto | adj | whole, entire | LRC |
| Latin: | butyrum | n.neut | butter | W7 |
| dominus | n.masc | lord | GED | |
| domus | n.fem | house | GED/IEW | |
| intumesco, intumescere | vb | to swell up | W7 | |
| obsturo, obturāre | vb | to close (with something) | W7 | |
| obturatus | vb.ptc | closed with something | W7 | |
| Portūnus | prop.n.masc | Portunus (gate/harbor deity) | GED | |
| portus | n.masc | entry, port | GED | |
| sorites | n.masc | type of argument | W7 | |
| taurinus | adj | of a bull | W7 | |
| Taurus | prop.n.masc | Taurus, lit. Bull | W7 | |
| taurus | n.masc | bull | W7 | |
| Teutoni | prop.n.masc.pl | the Teutons | W7 | |
| Tiberīnus | prop.n.masc | Tiberinus | GED | |
| Tiberis | prop.n | Tiber (river) | GED | |
| totus, tota, totum | adj | all, whole, entire | LRC | |
| tribūnus | n.masc | tribune, chieftain | GED | |
| tribus | n.fem | tribe | GED | |
| tūber | n.neut | lump, swelling, protuberance | RPN | |
| tumeō, tumēre | vb | to swell, be swollen | RPN | |
| tumescens, tumescentis | vb.pres.ptc | swelling | W7 | |
| tumēscō, tumēscere | vb | to begin swelling | W7 | |
| tumidus | adj | swollen | W7 | |
| tumor | n.masc | swelling | W7 | |
| tumulus | n.masc | tomb | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | tufera | n.fem | truffle | W7 |
| Late Latin: | taurarius | n.masc | bullfighter | W7 |
| tumba | n.fem | tomb | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | totalis | adj | re: wholeness | W7 |
| New Latin: | factotum | n.neut | person who does everything | W7 |
| prosoma | n.fem | anterior region of invertebrate body | W7 | |
| sorus | n.masc | clustered plant reproductive bodies | W7 | |
| Spanish: | toreador | n.masc | toreador, bull-fighter | W7 |
| torear | vb | to fight bulls | W7 | |
| torero | adj | re: bull(s) | W7 | |
| toro | n.masc | bull | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | tumbe | n.fem | tomb | W7 |
| Middle French: | butor | n.masc | bird of prey | W7 |
| total | n.masc | total | W7 | |
| truffe | n.fem | truffle | W7 | |
| French: | butyrique | adj | re: butter | W7 |
| Old Provençal: | trufa | n.fem | truffle | W7 |
| Italian: | tartufo | n | truffle | LRC |
| tutto, tutti | adj | all, whole, every | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | tauto | n | country | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | taukaĩ | n | (animal) fat | RPN |
| tumė́ti | vb | to become thick | RPN | |
| tūkstantis | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | LRC | |
| Latvian: | tàuta | n | people | LRC |
| tvaikonis | n.masc | steamboat | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | tvarogŭ | n | quark, curds, cottage cheese | AHD |
| Russian: | tyju | vb | to become fat | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σώζω | vb | to save, preserve, remember | LS |
| σῶς | adj | safe, sure, sound | LS | |
| τῡρός | n.masc | cheese | LS | |
| Greek: | βού-τῡρον | n.neut | butter | LS |
| σῶμα | n.neut | body | LRC | |
| σωρείτης | n.masc | sorites | LS | |
| σωρός | n.masc | heap | LS | |
| σωτήρ | n.masc | savior, preserver | LRC | |
| σωτήριον | n.neut | salvation | LS | |
| σωφροσύνη | n.fem | discretion, moderation | LRC | |
| ταῦρος | n.masc | bull | LRC | |
| τύλος | n.masc | knob, knot, callus | LS | |
| τύμβος | n.masc | tomb | LS | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | tuzzi- | n | army, people | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | t'iv | n | number | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | tav- | n | ability | LRC |
| tūiri- | n | whey | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tavas | adj | strong | RPN |
| tavīti | vb | to be strong | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| TPE | = | Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
