Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. tong-, *teng- 'to think, feel'
Semantic Field(s): to Think, Reflect
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beþencan | vb.wk.I | to bethink | AHD | 
| or-þanc | adj | cunning, skillful | ASD | |
| or-þanc | n.masc/neut | device, artifice, skillful work/contrivance | ASD | |
| þanc | n.masc | thought; thanks, grace, mercy, gratitude | LRC | |
| þencan, þōhte, þōht | vb.wk.I | to think, intend, resolve | LRC | |
| þōht | n.masc | mind, thought | W7 | |
| þyncan, þūhte, geþūht | vb.wk.I | to seem, appear; think | LRC | |
| Middle English: | bithinken | vb | to bethink | AHD | 
| thank | n | thank | W7 | |
| thenken | vb | to think | W7 | |
| thought | n | thought | W7 | |
| English: | bethink, bethought | vb.irr.trans | to recall, remember | AHD/W7 | 
| methinks | vb.3.sg | it seems to me | AHD/W7 | |
| Orthanc | prop.n | Saruman's tower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| thank | n | gratitude, kindly/grateful thought | AHD/W7 | |
| think, thought | vb.irr | to form/have in mind | AHD/W7 | |
| thought | n | cogitation, act/process of thinking | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thank, thonk | n.masc | thanks, thought, grace, pleasure | ASD | 
| thanka, thenkia | vb | to think | ASD | |
| Dutch: | danken | vb | to thank | LRC | 
| denken | vb | to think | LRC | |
| gedenkteeken | n | monument | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | thank | n.masc | thanks, grace, pleasure | ASD | 
| thenkian | vb | to think | ASD | |
| thuukian | vb | to seem, appear | ASD | |
| Low German: | thenkan, thāhta | vb | to think | ASD | 
| Old High German: | dank, danc, thanc | n.masc | thanks, gratitude | ASD/W7 | 
| denken, denchen | vb | to think | ASD/W7 | |
| dunchan | vb | to seem, appear | ASD | |
| urdanc, urdank | n.str.masc | idea, invention, fabrication | LRC | |
| German: | Dank | n.masc | gratitude | LRC | 
| danken | vb | to thank | LRC | |
| denken | vb | to think | LRC | |
| Denkmal | n | monument | TLL | |
| Gedanke | n.masc | thought | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þykkja, þótti | vb | to seem, be thought | LRC | 
| Icelandic: | þekkja | vb | to perceive, know | ASD | 
| þōttr, þōtti | n.masc | thought, mind | ASD | |
| þykkja | vb | to seem, appear | ASD | |
| þökk | n.masc | thanks, pleasure | ASD | |
| Danish: | takke | vb | to thank | LRC | 
| tænke | vb | to think | LRC | |
| Swedish: | tacka | vb | to thank | LRC | 
| tänka | vb | to think | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þag(g)kjan | vb | to think, consider, consult, debate | ASD | 
| þug(g)kjan | vb.wk.I | to seem, appear | ASD | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person | 
| I | = | class 1 | 
| adj | = | adjective | 
| irr | = | irregular | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| prop | = | proper | 
| sg | = | singular (number) | 
| str | = | strong (inflection) | 
| trans | = | transitive | 
| vb | = | verb | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
