Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: trāgh-, trō̆gh-, and trē̆gh- 'to drag, train, pull, move'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull, to Move
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | traig | n | foot | RPN |
| Breton: | troad | n | foot | RPN |
| Old Cornish: | truit | n | foot | RPN |
| Welsh: | troed | n | foot | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þrǣgan | vb | to run, proceed | RPN |
| þrǣl | n.masc | thrall | W7 | |
| þrāg | n.fem | (period of) time, season | RPN | |
| Middle English: | atrete | adv | plainly, straight out | MEV |
| attracten | vb | to attract | W7 | |
| contract | n | contract | W7 | |
| detracten | vb | to detract | W7 | |
| distracten | vb | to distract | W7 | |
| extracten | vb | to extract | W7 | |
| portraien | vb | to portray | W7 | |
| retracten | vb | to retract | W7 | |
| thral | n | thrall | W7 | |
| tract | n | tract | W7 | |
| trailen | vb | to trail | W7 | |
| train | n | train | W7 | |
| trainen | vb | to train | W7 | |
| treten | vb | to treat | W7 | |
| English: | abstract | adj | dissociated from specific instance | AHD/W7 |
| abstract | vb | to remove, separate | W7 | |
| attract | vb | to cause to approach/adhere | AHD/W7 | |
| contract | n | covenant, binding agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| contract | vb | to establish/undertake by contract | AHD/W7 | |
| detract | vb | to speak ill of | AHD/W7 | |
| distract | vb.trans | to divert, turn aside | AHD/W7 | |
| extract | vb.trans | to draw forth | AHD/W7 | |
| portray | vb.trans | to depict, make picture of | AHD/W7 | |
| protract | vb.trans | to defer, delay | AHD/W7 | |
| retract | vb | to draw back/in | AHD/W7 | |
| subtract | vb | to deduct, take away | AHD/W7 | |
| thrall | n | serf, slave, servant | W7 | |
| tract | n | pamphlet/leaflet of political/religious propaganda | AHD/W7 | |
| tractable | adj | docile, able to be led/taught/controlled easily | AHD/W7 | |
| traction | n | act/state of pulling/being drawn | AHD/W7 | |
| trail | vb | to hang down dragging/sweeping along ground | AHD/W7 | |
| train | n | part of gown trailing behind wearer | AHD/W7 | |
| train | vb | to drag, trail | AHD/W7 | |
| trait | n | stroke (as) of pencil | AHD/W7 | |
| treat | vb | to negotiate, discuss terms of settlement/accommodation | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | drigil | n | servant | RPN |
| German: | abstrahieren | vb | to abstract | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | þræll | n | thrall | RPN |
| Icelandic: | þrǽll | n.masc | thrall | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þragjan | vb | to run | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abstractus | vb.ptc | detached, drawn away | W7 |
| abstraho, abstrahere | vb | to detach, draw away | W7 | |
| attractus | vb.ptc | attracted, drawn to | W7 | |
| attraho, attrahere | vb | to attract, draw to | W7 | |
| contractus | vb.ptc | driven, hauled | W7 | |
| contraho, contrahere | vb | to draw together, reduce in size; make a contract | W7 | |
| detractus | vb.ptc | withdrawn, disparaged | W7 | |
| detraho, detrahere | vb | to withdraw, disparage | W7 | |
| distractus | vb.ptc | drawn apart | W7 | |
| distraho, distrahere | vb | to draw apart | W7 | |
| extractus | vb.ptc | drawn out | W7 | |
| extraho, extrahere | vb | to draw out | W7 | |
| protractus | vb.ptc | drawn forward | W7 | |
| protraho, protrahere | vb | to draw forward | W7 | |
| retractus | vb.ptc | drawn back | W7 | |
| retraho, retrahere | vb | to draw back | W7 | |
| subtractus | vb.ptc | subtracted, taken away | W7 | |
| subtraho, subtrahere | vb | to withdraw, draw from beneath | W7 | |
| tractabilis | adj | tractable | W7 | |
| tractatus | n.masc | treatise, management | W7 | |
| tractō, tractāre | vb | to draw, drag, tug; treat, handle | RPN | |
| tractus, tractūs | n.masc | traction | TLL | |
| tractus | vb.ptc | dragged | W7 | |
| tragula | n.fem | sledge, dragnet | W7 | |
| trahō, trahere | vb | to draw, drag, haul | RPN | |
| Vulgar Latin: | tragino, tragināre | vb | to drag | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | abstractus | vb.ptc | drawn away, detached | W7 |
| New Latin: | tractio, tractionis | n.fem | traction | W7 |
| Old French: | train | n.masc | action of dragging | W7 |
| traîner | vb | to drag | W7 | |
| traitier | vb | to treat, handle | W7 | |
| Middle French: | contracter | vb | to agree upon | W7 |
| portraire | vb | to portray | W7 | |
| trailler | vb | to tow | W7 | |
| traîner | vb | to draw, drag | W7 | |
| trait | n.masc | trait, trace, draft | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | kontratë | n.fem | contract | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |