Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: trāgh-, trō̆gh-, and trē̆gh- 'to drag, train, pull, move'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull, to Move
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | traig | n | foot | RPN |
Breton: | troad | n | foot | RPN |
Old Cornish: | truit | n | foot | RPN |
Welsh: | troed | n | foot | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | þrǣgan | vb | to run, proceed | RPN |
þrǣl | n.masc | thrall | W7 | |
þrāg | n.fem | (period of) time, season | RPN | |
Middle English: | atrete | adv | plainly, straight out | MEV |
attracten | vb | to attract | W7 | |
contract | n | contract | W7 | |
detracten | vb | to detract | W7 | |
distracten | vb | to distract | W7 | |
extracten | vb | to extract | W7 | |
portraien | vb | to portray | W7 | |
retracten | vb | to retract | W7 | |
thral | n | thrall | W7 | |
tract | n | tract | W7 | |
trailen | vb | to trail | W7 | |
train | n | train | W7 | |
trainen | vb | to train | W7 | |
treten | vb | to treat | W7 | |
English: | abstract | adj | dissociated from specific instance | AHD/W7 |
abstract | vb | to remove, separate | W7 | |
attract | vb | to cause to approach/adhere | AHD/W7 | |
contract | n | covenant, binding agreement | AHD/W7 | |
contract | vb | to establish/undertake by contract | AHD/W7 | |
detract | vb | to speak ill of | AHD/W7 | |
distract | vb.trans | to divert, turn aside | AHD/W7 | |
extract | vb.trans | to draw forth | AHD/W7 | |
portray | vb.trans | to depict, make picture of | AHD/W7 | |
protract | vb.trans | to defer, delay | AHD/W7 | |
retract | vb | to draw back/in | AHD/W7 | |
subtract | vb | to deduct, take away | AHD/W7 | |
thrall | n | serf, slave, servant | W7 | |
tract | n | pamphlet/leaflet of political/religious propaganda | AHD/W7 | |
tractable | adj | docile, able to be led/taught/controlled easily | AHD/W7 | |
traction | n | act/state of pulling/being drawn | AHD/W7 | |
trail | vb | to hang down dragging/sweeping along ground | AHD/W7 | |
train | n | part of gown trailing behind wearer | AHD/W7 | |
train | vb | to drag, trail | AHD/W7 | |
trait | n | stroke (as) of pencil | AHD/W7 | |
treat | vb | to negotiate, discuss terms of settlement/accommodation | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | drigil | n | servant | RPN |
German: | abstrahieren | vb | to abstract | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | þræll | n | thrall | RPN |
Icelandic: | þrǽll | n.masc | thrall | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | þragjan | vb | to run | RPN |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | abstractus | vb.ptc | detached, drawn away | W7 |
abstraho, abstrahere | vb | to detach, draw away | W7 | |
attractus | vb.ptc | attracted, drawn to | W7 | |
attraho, attrahere | vb | to attract, draw to | W7 | |
contractus | vb.ptc | driven, hauled | W7 | |
contraho, contrahere | vb | to draw together, reduce in size; make a contract | W7 | |
detractus | vb.ptc | withdrawn, disparaged | W7 | |
detraho, detrahere | vb | to withdraw, disparage | W7 | |
distractus | vb.ptc | drawn apart | W7 | |
distraho, distrahere | vb | to draw apart | W7 | |
extractus | vb.ptc | drawn out | W7 | |
extraho, extrahere | vb | to draw out | W7 | |
protractus | vb.ptc | drawn forward | W7 | |
protraho, protrahere | vb | to draw forward | W7 | |
retractus | vb.ptc | drawn back | W7 | |
retraho, retrahere | vb | to draw back | W7 | |
subtractus | vb.ptc | subtracted, taken away | W7 | |
subtraho, subtrahere | vb | to withdraw, draw from beneath | W7 | |
tractabilis | adj | tractable | W7 | |
tractatus | n.masc | treatise, management | W7 | |
tractō, tractāre | vb | to draw, drag, tug; treat, handle | RPN | |
tractus, tractūs | n.masc | traction | TLL | |
tractus | vb.ptc | dragged | W7 | |
tragula | n.fem | sledge, dragnet | W7 | |
trahō, trahere | vb | to draw, drag, haul | RPN | |
Vulgar Latin: | tragino, tragināre | vb | to drag | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | abstractus | vb.ptc | drawn away, detached | W7 |
New Latin: | tractio, tractionis | n.fem | traction | W7 |
Old French: | train | n.masc | action of dragging | W7 |
traîner | vb | to drag | W7 | |
traitier | vb | to treat, handle | W7 | |
Middle French: | contracter | vb | to agree upon | W7 |
portraire | vb | to portray | W7 | |
trailler | vb | to tow | W7 | |
traîner | vb | to draw, drag | W7 | |
trait | n.masc | trait, trace, draft | W7 | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | kontratë | n.fem | contract | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |