Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: trem-, trems- 'to shake, tremble; to stomp, trample'
Semantic Field(s): to Shake, to Drop, Foot
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | tremblen | vb | to tremble | W7 |
| tremour | n | tremor | W7 | |
| English: | tremble | vb | to shake, shiver (e.g. from cold/disease/weakness) | W7 |
| tremendous | adj | dreadful, inciting awe/dread/terror | AHD/W7 | |
| tremor | n | shaking/trembling | AHD/W7 | |
| tremulous | adj | re: tremors/trembling | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | tremendus | vb.ger | trembling | W7 |
| tremo, tremere | vb | to quake, shake, tremble | RPN | |
| tremor | n.masc | tremor, agitation | W7 | |
| tremulus | adj | tremulous, agitated, shaking | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | tremulo, tremulare | vb | to tremble | W7 |
| Middle French: | trembler | vb | to tremble | W7 |
| tremour | n.fem | fear, tremor | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | tręsǫ, tręsti | vb | to shake | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | τρέμω | vb | to tremble, quiver | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
