Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: upér, upéri 'over, above'
Semantic Field(s): High
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | for | adv/prep | up, over | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ofer, ofor | adv/prep | over | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | iper- | pfx | hyper- | W7 |
| over | adv/prep | over | W7 | |
| somete | n | summit | W7 | |
| soverain | adj/n | sovereign | W7 | |
| summe | n | sum | W7 | |
| superior | adj | superior | W7 | |
| supernal | adj | supernal | W7 | |
| sur- | pfx | sur- | W7 | |
| English: | hyper- | pfx | high, beyond, super- | AHD/W7 |
| hyperbaton | n | figure of speech deviating from normal word order | AHD | |
| hypergolic | adj | re: self-igniting rocket propellant | AHD | |
| hyperkinesia | n | pathologically increased muscular movement | AHD | |
| hyperpnea | n | abnormally deep/rapid breathing | AHD | |
| orlop | n | lowest deck of ship | AHD | |
| over | adv/prep | across barrier/intervening space | AHD/W7 | |
| Overhill | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| sopranino | n | musical instrument higher in pitch than soprano | AHD | |
| soprano | n | highest voice (part) | AHD/W7 | |
| soubrette | n | coquettish maid/frivolous young woman (comedy) | AHD/W7 | |
| sovereign | adj | reigning over, possessed of supreme power | AHD/W7 | |
| sovereign | n | one reigning, possessing supreme power | AHD/W7 | |
| sum | n | specified/indefinite amount (of money) | AHD/W7 | |
| summit | n | top, apex | AHD/W7 | |
| super- | pfx | over, above, greater in degree/quality/quantity | AHD/W7 | |
| superable | adj | surmountable, able to be overcome/conquered | AHD/W7 | |
| superb | adj | noble, majestic | AHD/W7 | |
| supererogate | vb | to do more than required by need/duty/obligation | AHD/W7 | |
| superfetate | vb | to conceive again while pregnant | AHD/CDC | |
| superior | adj | upper, better, situated higher up | AHD/W7 | |
| supernal | adj | heavenly, being/coming from on high | AHD/W7 | |
| supra- | pfx | super- | AHD/W7 | |
| supreme | adj | highest in rank/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| sur- | pfx | over, super- | AHD/W7 | |
| surveillance | n | spying, close observation of group/person | AHD | |
| surveillant | adj | exercising surveillance | AHD | |
| British English: | supremo | n | one highest in command/authority | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | over | adv/prep | over | ASD |
| Dutch: | boven | prep | above, over | TLL |
| over | prep | over, above | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | oƀar | adv/prep | over | ASD |
| Old High German: | ubar, ubir | adv/prep | over, above, beyond | W7 |
| German: | über | prep | over, above, about | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | yfir | adv/prep | over, above, beyond | LRC |
| Icelandic: | ofr- | adv/prep | over | ASD |
| Danish: | over | prep | above, over | TLL |
| Swedish: | över | prep | above, over | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ufar | adv/prep | over, above, beyond | LRC |
| ufarō | prep | over, above, upon | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | supruis | adv/prep | over, above | W7 |
| Umbrian: | super | adv/prep | over, above | W7 |
| Latin: | hyper- | pfx | hyper- | W7 |
| insuper | adv | above, on top | LRC | |
| summa | n.fem | sum, highest point | W7 | |
| summus, summa, summum | adj.sup | highest | W7 | |
| super- | pfx | super- | W7 | |
| super | adv/prep | over, above | W7 | |
| superabilis | adj | possible to beat | W7 | |
| superbus | adj | proud, excellent | W7 | |
| superferō, superferre | vb | to carry over, raise high | W7 | |
| superior | adj.comp | better | W7 | |
| supernus | adj | of above | W7 | |
| supero, superare | vb | to surmount | W7 | |
| superus, supera, superum | adj.comp | upper, higher, re: gods | LRC | |
| supra- | pfx | supra-, beyond, earlier | W7 | |
| supra | prep | above, beyond, earlier | W7 | |
| supremus | adj.sup | highest | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | superanus | adj | of above | W7 |
| Portuguese: | sôbre | prep | over, about, concerning | TLL |
| Old French: | somete | n.masc | summit | W7 |
| soverain | adj/n.masc | sovereign | W7 | |
| sum | n.fem | top | W7 | |
| summe | n.fem | summit | W7 | |
| sur- | pfx | sur- | W7 | |
| Middle French: | somete | n.masc | summit | W7 |
| supérieur | adj.comp | superior | W7 | |
| supernal | adj | of above | W7 | |
| French: | soubrette | n.fem | maid, soubrette | W7 |
| Provençal: | soubra | vb | to surmount, exceed | W7 |
| soubret | adj | coy | W7 | |
| soubreto | n.fem | soubrette | W7 | |
| Italian: | sobre | prep | over, about, concerning | TLL |
| sopra | prep | on, upon, above | W7 | |
| soprano | n.masc | soprano | W7 | |
| sovra | prep | on, upon, above | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ὑπέρ | prep/adv | for, over, above | LRC |
| ὑπέρᾱ | n | upper rope | GED | |
| ὕπερος | n | pestle | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | veray | prep | on, over | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| sup | = | superlative |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
