Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- 'under, (from) below, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Low
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | gwas | n | boy, servant | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | (a)būfan, būfon | adv | above | W7 |
| būfan, būfon | prep | above | ASD/W7 | |
| efes | n.fem | eaves | W7 | |
| ufan | adv | above | W7 | |
| ufe- | pfx | up | LRC | |
| ufe-weard | adj | upward | LRC | |
| ūp | adv | up, upwards | LRC | |
| uppe | adv | up, above | LRC | |
| yfel | adj/n.neut | evil | IEW | |
| Middle English: | above | adv/prep | above | W7 |
| eves | n | eaves | W7 | |
| evil | adj/n | evil | W7 | |
| oft | adv | often | W7 | |
| often | adv | often | W7 | |
| open | adj | open | W7 | |
| sub- | pfx | sub- | W7 | |
| supyn | adj | supine | W7 | |
| up | adv | upward | W7 | |
| uppe | adv | on high | W7 | |
| varlet | n | varlet, attendant | W7 | |
| vassal | n | vassal | W7 | |
| ypo- | pfx | hypo- | W7 | |
| English: | above | adv/prep | over(head), in(to) higher place | W7 |
| eaves | n.pl | lower borders of roof overhanging wall | AHD/W7 | |
| eavesdrop | vb | to listen in secret | AHD | |
| evil | adj | ill, bad, wicked, pernicious | W7 | |
| evil | n | wrong, mischief, wickedness | LRC | |
| hyp(o)- | pfx | low, down, under, beneath | AHD/W7 | |
| hypogeal | adj | underground, beneath earth's surface | AHD | |
| hypolimnion | n | water layer below thermocline | AHD | |
| hypopnea | n | abnormally slow/shallow breathing | AHD | |
| hyposthenia | n | weakness, abnormal lack of strength | AHD | |
| hypothermia | n | abnormally low body temperature | AHD | |
| hyps(o)- | pfx | height | AHD | |
| oft | adv | often | AHD/W7 | |
| often | adv | frequently, many times | AHD/W7 | |
| opal | n | gemstone, silicon dioxide mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| open | adj | permitting ingress/egress/passage | AHD/W7 | |
| resupinate | adj | inverted, bent back to supine position | AHD/W7 | |
| soutane | n | cassock with buttons down front | AHD/W7 | |
| sub- | pfx | under, beneath, below, up to | AHD/W7 | |
| subduction | n | forcing one below another | AHD | |
| subdue | vb | to conquer, vanquish, subjugate | AHD | |
| subfusc | adj | dull, dark, somber | AHD | |
| subter- | pfx | under | TLL | |
| supine | adj | lying on back, with face upward | AHD/W7 | |
| up | adv/prep | in(to) higher level/position | AHD/W7 | |
| Upbourn | prop.n | Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| upholster | vb | to furnish with upholstery | W7 | |
| upholsterer | n | one who upholsters | AHD | |
| upholstery | n | materials used to make soft covering | W7 | |
| upon | prep | up on | LRC | |
| valet | n | man's male personal servant | AHD/W7 | |
| varlet | n | menial, attendant | AHD/W7 | |
| vassal | n | feudal tenant, one under protection of feudal lord | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | evel | adj/n.masc | evil | ASD |
| ose | n.pl | eaves, edges of roof | ASD | |
| up, op | adv | up | ASD | |
| Dutch: | op | prep | on, upon | TLL |
| opdat | prep | in order that | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | uƀil | adj/n.masc | evil | ASD |
| up | adv | up | ASD | |
| uppa, uppe | adv | up, above, on high | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | up | adv | up | ASD |
| Old High German: | obasa, opasa | n | portico | ASD/W7 |
| offan | adj | open | W7 | |
| ofto | adv | often | W7 | |
| ubil | adj/adv/n.masc | evil | ASD/IEW | |
| ūf | adv/prep | up, on | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | obese | n.fem | vestibule | ASD |
| German: | auf | prep | up, upon | LRC |
| offen | adj | open | LRC | |
| oft | adv | often | LRC | |
| übel | adj/adv | evil | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | of | prep | over, across, through; around, about, concerning | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | of | prep | on, in, over | LRC |
| Icelandic: | ofan | adv | from above | ASD |
| upp(i) | adv | up, above, on high | ASD | |
| ups | n.fem | eaves | ASD | |
| Danish: | paa | prep | on, upon | TLL |
| Swedish: | på | prep | on, upon | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ubil | n.masc | evil | ASD |
| ubils | adj | evil | LRC | |
| ubizwa | n.fem | hall, porch | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | opalus | n.masc | opal | W7 |
| resupinatus | vb.ptc | resupinate | W7 | |
| resupino, resupinare | vb | to bend back to supine position | W7 | |
| sub | prep | under, up to | LRC | |
| subfuscus | adj | subfusc, brownish | AHD | |
| subitus, subita, subitum | adj | sudden | LRC | |
| subter | prep/adv | underneath; secretly | W7 | |
| subtus | prep | underneath | W7 | |
| supinus | adj | supine, upside-down | W7 | |
| sus- | pfx | sub- | W7 | |
| sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentum | vb | to hold back | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | hyp(o)- | pfx | hypo- | W7 |
| supinum | n.neut | supine | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | subtanus | n.masc | soutane | W7 |
| vassallus | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
| vassellittus | n.masc.dim | little servant | W7 | |
| vassus | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
| Old French: | ypo- | pfx | hypo- | W7 |
| Middle French: | valet | n.masc | page, valet, young nobleman | W7 |
| varlet, vaslet | n.masc | varlet | W7 | |
| vassal | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
| French: | audessous | adv | below | TLL |
| sous | prep | below | TLL | |
| soutane | n.fem | soutane | W7 | |
| Italian: | sottana | n.fem | soutane | W7 |
| sottano | vb.ptc | being underneath | W7 | |
| sotto | prep | below | TLL | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vysokъ | adj | high, tall | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ὑπάρχω | vb.ptc | belonging to | LRC |
| ὑπό | prep | by, under | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | upala | n | stone, jewel | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
