Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- 'under, (from) below, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Low
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | gwas | n | boy, servant | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | (a)būfan, būfon | adv | above | W7 |
būfan, būfon | prep | above | ASD/W7 | |
efes | n.fem | eaves | W7 | |
ufan | adv | above | W7 | |
ufe- | pfx | up | LRC | |
ufe-weard | adj | upward | LRC | |
ūp | adv | up, upwards | LRC | |
uppe | adv | up, above | LRC | |
yfel | adj/n.neut | evil | IEW | |
Middle English: | above | adv/prep | above | W7 |
eves | n | eaves | W7 | |
evil | adj/n | evil | W7 | |
oft | adv | often | W7 | |
often | adv | often | W7 | |
open | adj | open | W7 | |
sub- | pfx | sub- | W7 | |
supyn | adj | supine | W7 | |
up | adv | upward | W7 | |
uppe | adv | on high | W7 | |
varlet | n | varlet, attendant | W7 | |
vassal | n | vassal | W7 | |
ypo- | pfx | hypo- | W7 | |
English: | above | adv/prep | over(head), in(to) higher place | W7 |
eaves | n.pl | lower borders of roof overhanging wall | AHD/W7 | |
eavesdrop | vb | to listen in secret | AHD | |
evil | adj | ill, bad, wicked, pernicious | W7 | |
evil | n | wrong, mischief, wickedness | LRC | |
hyp(o)- | pfx | low, down, under, beneath | AHD/W7 | |
hypogeal | adj | underground, beneath earth's surface | AHD | |
hypolimnion | n | water layer below thermocline | AHD | |
hypopnea | n | abnormally slow/shallow breathing | AHD | |
hyposthenia | n | weakness, abnormal lack of strength | AHD | |
hypothermia | n | abnormally low body temperature | AHD | |
hyps(o)- | pfx | height | AHD | |
oft | adv | often | AHD/W7 | |
often | adv | frequently, many times | AHD/W7 | |
opal | n | gemstone, silicon dioxide mineral | AHD/W7 | |
open | adj | permitting ingress/egress/passage | AHD/W7 | |
resupinate | adj | inverted, bent back to supine position | AHD/W7 | |
soutane | n | cassock with buttons down front | AHD/W7 | |
sub- | pfx | under, beneath, below, up to | AHD/W7 | |
subduction | n | forcing one below another | AHD | |
subdue | vb | to conquer, vanquish, subjugate | AHD | |
subfusc | adj | dull, dark, somber | AHD | |
subter- | pfx | under | TLL | |
supine | adj | lying on back, with face upward | AHD/W7 | |
up | adv/prep | in(to) higher level/position | AHD/W7 | |
Upbourn | prop.n | Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
upholster | vb | to furnish with upholstery | W7 | |
upholsterer | n | one who upholsters | AHD | |
upholstery | n | materials used to make soft covering | W7 | |
upon | prep | up on | LRC | |
valet | n | man's male personal servant | AHD/W7 | |
varlet | n | menial, attendant | AHD/W7 | |
vassal | n | feudal tenant, one under protection of feudal lord | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | evel | adj/n.masc | evil | ASD |
ose | n.pl | eaves, edges of roof | ASD | |
up, op | adv | up | ASD | |
Dutch: | op | prep | on, upon | TLL |
opdat | prep | in order that | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | uƀil | adj/n.masc | evil | ASD |
up | adv | up | ASD | |
uppa, uppe | adv | up, above, on high | ASD | |
Old Low German: | up | adv | up | ASD |
Old High German: | obasa, opasa | n | portico | ASD/W7 |
offan | adj | open | W7 | |
ofto | adv | often | W7 | |
ubil | adj/adv/n.masc | evil | ASD/IEW | |
ūf | adv/prep | up, on | W7 | |
Middle High German: | obese | n.fem | vestibule | ASD |
German: | auf | prep | up, upon | LRC |
offen | adj | open | LRC | |
oft | adv | often | LRC | |
übel | adj/adv | evil | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | of | prep | over, across, through; around, about, concerning | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | of | prep | on, in, over | LRC |
Icelandic: | ofan | adv | from above | ASD |
upp(i) | adv | up, above, on high | ASD | |
ups | n.fem | eaves | ASD | |
Danish: | paa | prep | on, upon | TLL |
Swedish: | på | prep | on, upon | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ubil | n.masc | evil | ASD |
ubils | adj | evil | LRC | |
ubizwa | n.fem | hall, porch | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | opalus | n.masc | opal | W7 |
resupinatus | vb.ptc | resupinate | W7 | |
resupino, resupinare | vb | to bend back to supine position | W7 | |
sub | prep | under, up to | LRC | |
subfuscus | adj | subfusc, brownish | AHD | |
subitus, subita, subitum | adj | sudden | LRC | |
subter | prep/adv | underneath; secretly | W7 | |
subtus | prep | underneath | W7 | |
supinus | adj | supine, upside-down | W7 | |
sus- | pfx | sub- | W7 | |
sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentum | vb | to hold back | LRC | |
Late Latin: | hyp(o)- | pfx | hypo- | W7 |
supinum | n.neut | supine | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | subtanus | n.masc | soutane | W7 |
vassallus | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
vassellittus | n.masc.dim | little servant | W7 | |
vassus | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
Old French: | ypo- | pfx | hypo- | W7 |
Middle French: | valet | n.masc | page, valet, young nobleman | W7 |
varlet, vaslet | n.masc | varlet | W7 | |
vassal | n.masc | vassal, servant | W7 | |
French: | audessous | adv | below | TLL |
sous | prep | below | TLL | |
soutane | n.fem | soutane | W7 | |
Italian: | sottana | n.fem | soutane | W7 |
sottano | vb.ptc | being underneath | W7 | |
sotto | prep | below | TLL | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | vysokъ | adj | high, tall | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ὑπάρχω | vb.ptc | belonging to | LRC |
ὑπό | prep | by, under | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | upala | n | stone, jewel | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |