Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯ā̆gh-, suā̆gh- 'to cry, shriek, sough'
Semantic Field(s): to Cry, Weep
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | swēg | n.masc | sound, noise | LRC |
swēgan | vb.wk | to sound, make noise | GED | |
swœg | n.masc | sound, noise | GED | |
swōgan, swēog, swēogon, swōgen | vb.str.VII | to sough, roar, resound | LRC | |
Middle English: | ecco | n | echo | W7 |
swoughen | vb | to sough | W7 | |
English: | catechize | vb.trans | to teach/instruct systematically | AHD/W7 |
echo | n | reflection/repetition of sound | AHD/W7 | |
sough | vb.intrans | to make sighing/moaning sound | AHD/W7 | |
British English: | catechise | vb.trans | to catechize | LRC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Saxon: | swōgan | vb.wk | to sough, roar | GED |
Low German: | swōgen | vb.wk | to sough | GED |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | svagla | vb.wk | to splash | GED |
sœgr | n.masc | noise | GED | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-swogjan | vb | to sough, sigh | GED/W7 |
*swegnjan | vb.wk.I | to rejoice | GED | |
swōgjan | vb | to sough, groan | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | echo | n.fem | sound, echo | W7 |
vāgio, vāgire | vb | to cry, wail, whimper | GED | |
Late Latin: | catechizo, catechizāre | vb | to catechize, receive Christian instruction | W7 |
Middle French: | echo | n.masc | echo | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kaũkti | vb | to howl | GED/IEW |
sugti | vb | to howl | GED/IEW | |
suókti | vb | to sing | GED | |
svagėti | vb | to sound | GED/IEW | |
Latvian: | sũdzêt | vb | to mourn | GED/IEW |
svadzêt | vb | to rattle | GED/IEW | |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | ἀχᾱ́ | n | noise | GED |
ἰαχέω | vb | to cry | GED | |
Greek: | ἠχέω | vb | to ring, sound, resound | LRC |
ἠχή | n.fem | sound, noise, echo | GED | |
ἦχος | n.masc | sound | LRC | |
κατηχέω | vb | to sound, catechize | LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
VII | = | class 7 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |