Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯eg̑h- 'to move, drive, carry, convey'
Semantic Field(s): to Move, to Drive, to Bear, Carry
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fēn | n | cart, carriage | LRC |
| Welsh: | ar-wain | vb | to carry | LRC |
| cy-wain | vb | to drive | LRC | |
| gwain | n | cart, carriage | LRC | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | aweg | adv | out, away | ASD |
| ēar-wicga | n.masc | earwig | W7 | |
| wǣg | n.masc | wave, billow | LRC | |
| wǣge | n.fem | weight; scale, balance | W7 | |
| wæg-līðend | n.masc | lit. wave-traveler | LRC | |
| wæg-þel | n.neut | ship, lit. wave-planking | LRC | |
| wǣn, wæg(e)n | n.fem | wain, wagon | W7 | |
| weg | n.masc | way | LRC | |
| wegan | vb | to weigh, move, bring, carry | W7 | |
| wicga | n.masc | (kind of) insect | W7 | |
| wiht | n.fem | weight | W7 | |
| wōh | adj | bent, crooked | W7 | |
| Middle English: | alway(es) | adv | always | W7 |
| away | adv | away | AHD | |
| conveyen | vb | to convey | W7 | |
| convoyen | vb | to convoy | W7 | |
| erwigge | n | earwig | W7 | |
| invectif | n | invective | W7 | |
| vexen | vb | to vex | W7 | |
| voyage | n | voyage | W7 | |
| waggen | vb | to wag | W7 | |
| wain | n | wain | W7 | |
| -way | adv.sfx | -ways | W7 | |
| we | adj/n | wee; little bit | W7 | |
| weght | n | weight | W7 | |
| weyen | vb | to weigh | W7 | |
| wiglen | vb | to wiggle | W7 | |
| English: | advection | n | horizontal movement of air mass | AHD/W7 |
| always | adv | invariably, at all times | AHD/W7 | |
| away | adj/adv | gone, absent; along, on the way | AHD/W7 | |
| convection | n | action/process of conveying | AHD/W7 | |
| convex | adj | curved/rounded like exterior of sphere/circle | AHD/W7 | |
| convey | vb.trans | to lead, conduct | AHD/W7 | |
| convoy | vb.trans | to guide, accompany | AHD/W7 | |
| deviate | vb | to turn aside | AHD/W7 | |
| devious | adj | remote, located off easiest path | AHD/W7 | |
| earwig | n | insect with large pair of forceps | AHD/W7 | |
| envoi | n | explanatory/commendatory concluding remarks | AHD/W7 | |
| envoy | n | foreign minister plenipotentiary | AHD/W7 | |
| evection | n | perturbation of moon's orbit due to sun's gravitation | AHD/W7 | |
| graywacke | n | coarse dark gray sandstone/fine-grained conglomerate | AHD/W7 | |
| Greenway | prop.n | road through Bree in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| invective | adj | denunciatory, re: insult/abuse | AHD/W7 | |
| inveigh | vb.intrans | to rail, protest/complain bitterly/vehemently | AHD/W7 | |
| invoice | n | bill, itemized list of goods sold | AHD/W7 | |
| Norwegian | prop.n | person/language of Norway | LRC | |
| obviate | vb.trans | to make unnecessary, see/dispose of beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
| obvious | adj | opposite, being in way/in front | AHD/W7 | |
| ochlocracy | n | government by mob | AHD/W7 | |
| ochlophobia | n | abnormal fear of crowds | AHD | |
| ogee | n | S-shaped molding | AHD/W7 | |
| ogive | n | diagonal rib/arch across Gothic vault | AHD/W7 | |
| pervious | adj | permeable, admitting passage | AHD/W7 | |
| previous | adj | preceding, going before in time/order | AHD/W7 | |
| Stonewain | prop.n | narrow valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| thalweg | n | line tracing lowest points in valley/river bed | AHD | |
| trivial | adj | commonplace, ordinary | AHD/W7 | |
| trivium | n | three liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic | AHD/W7 | |
| vector | n | quantity comprising direction and magnitude | AHD/W7 | |
| vehement | adj | strong, re: exertion of great force/energy | AHD/W7 | |
| vehicle | n | means of transport | AHD/W7 | |
| vex | vb.trans | to bring trouble/distress/agitation to | AHD/W7 | |
| via | prep | by way of | AHD/W7 | |
| viaduct | n | bridge (on series of narrow arches) | AHD/W7 | |
| viatical | adj | re: way, road, journey | AHD | |
| vogue | n | leading place in acceptance/popularity | AHD/W7 | |
| voyage | n | journey, act/instance of traveling | AHD/W7 | |
| wag | vb | to stir, be in motion | AHD/W7 | |
| wagon | n | 4-wheeled vehicle for bulky item transport | AHD/W7 | |
| wagon-lit | n | (railroad) sleeping car | AHD/W7 | |
| wain | n | large/heavy wagon for farm use | AHD/W7 | |
| way | n | thoroughfare for travel/transportation | AHD/W7 | |
| waybread | n | bread for journey in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wayfarer | n | traveler | AHD | |
| wayfaring | adj | traveling | AHD | |
| Waymeet | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wee | adj | little, very small | AHD/W7 | |
| weigh | vb | to measure mass/weight (via scale/balance) | AHD/W7 | |
| weight | n | amount that thing weighs | AHD/W7 | |
| wiggle | vb | to jiggle, move to/fro with quick jerky/shaking motion | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wain, wein | n.masc | wain, wagon, carriage, vehicle | ASD |
| wega, weia | vb | to weigh, move | ASD | |
| wei | n.masc | way | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | wagen | n | wagon | W7 |
| Dutch: | weegschaal | n | weighing scales | TLL |
| weg | n | way | LRC | |
| wegen | vb | to weigh | LRC | |
| wegens | prep | on account of | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | weg | n.masc | way | ASD |
| Old Low German: | reidi-wagan | n.masc | chariot, lit. riding-wagon | ASD |
| wegan | vb | to weigh | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | wiggelen | vb | to wiggle | W7 |
| Old High German: | wāga | n | scales, weights | KDW |
| wāga | n.fem | weight, balance | ASD | |
| wagan | n.masc | wagon, carriage | ASD | |
| weg | n.masc | way | ASD/W7 | |
| wegan | vb | to weigh, move, carry | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | wacken | vb | to totter | W7 |
| German: | Waage | n.fem | scales, balance, weighing device | TLL |
| wackeln | vb | to wag, wiggle, totter | LRC | |
| Wagen | n.masc | wagon | LRC | |
| wägen | vb.trans | to weigh | TLL | |
| Weg | n.masc | way, road | LRC | |
| wegen | prep | on account of | TLL | |
| wiegen | vb | to weigh | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vagn | n | wagon | LRC |
| vega | vb | to move | LRC | |
| vegr | n.masc | way, road | LRC | |
| vætt | n | weight | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | vagn | n.masc | wain, wagon, carriage, vehicle | ASD |
| vág, vágir | n.fem | weight; [pl.] scales, balance | ASD | |
| vega | vb | to weigh, move, carry | ASD | |
| vegr | n.masc | way | ASD | |
| Danish: | vej | n | way | LRC |
| vægt | n | weight, scales | TLL | |
| Swedish: | vagn | n | wain, wagon | TLL |
| våg | n | weighing scales | TLL | |
| väg | n | way | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-wigan | vb | to wag, move, shake, wiggle | ASD |
| un-wāhs | adj | bent, crooked | ASD | |
| wigs | n.str.masc | way, road, journey | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *waghen, vvaghen | n | wagon | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | advectio, advectionis | n.fem | act of bringing | W7 |
| advectus | n.masc | act of bringing | W7 | |
| adveho, advehere | vb | to bring, carry to | W7 | |
| convectus | vb.ptc | brought together | W7 | |
| conveho, convehere | vb | to move/bring together | W7 | |
| convexus | adj | convex, vaulted, concave | W7 | |
| devius | adj | devious, out of the way | W7 | |
| evectio, evectionis | n.fem | rising, carrying out | W7 | |
| evectus | vb.ptc | risen, carried out | W7 | |
| eveho, evehere | vb | to carry out, raise up | W7 | |
| invectivus | adj | insulting | W7 | |
| invectus | vb.ptc | carried in | W7 | |
| inveho, invehere | vb | to carry in | W7 | |
| obviam | adv | in the way | W7 | |
| obvius | adj | in the way | W7 | |
| pervius | adj | pervious, accessible | W7 | |
| praevius | adj | leading the way | W7 | |
| trivialis | adj | trivial, commonplace, found everywhere | W7 | |
| trivium | n.neut | crossroads | W7 | |
| vector | n.masc | carrier | W7 | |
| vectus | vb.ptc | carried | W7 | |
| vehemens, vehementis | adj | being impetuous | W7 | |
| vehiculum | n.neut | carriage, conveyance | W7 | |
| veho, vehere | vb | to drive, carry, convey | W7 | |
| vexo, vexare | vb | to vex, trouble, agitate | W7 | |
| vexus | vb.ptc | bent, crooked | W7 | |
| via | n.fem | way, road | W7 | |
| viaticum | n.neut | traveling money | W7 | |
| viaticus | adj | re: journey | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | convio, conviāre | vb | to escort, accompany | W7 |
| invio, inviare | vb | to send on one's way | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | convectio, convectionis | n.fem | act of bringing together | W7 |
| deviatus | vb.ptc | gone astray | W7 | |
| devio, deviāre | vb | to go astray | W7 | |
| obviatus | vb.ptc | met | W7 | |
| obvio, obviāre | vb | to meet, withstand | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | Norwegia | n.fem | Norway | W7 |
| Old Spanish: | bogar | vb | to row | W7 |
| Old French: | conveier | vb | to escort, accompany | W7 |
| envei | n.masc | message | W7 | |
| envoier | vb | to send on one's way | W7 | |
| voiage | n.masc | trip, voyage | W7 | |
| Middle French: | conveier | vb | to convey | W7 |
| convoier | vb | to convoy | W7 | |
| envoi | n.masc | message | W7 | |
| invectif | adj | insulting | W7 | |
| ochlocratie | n.fem | ochlocracy | W7 | |
| véhément | adj | violent, passionate, impetuous | W7 | |
| vexer | vb | to vex, outrage | W7 | |
| vogue | n.fem | vogue | W7 | |
| French: | convexe | adj | convex | W7 |
| envoi | n.masc | message, act of sending | W7 | |
| envoyé | vb.past.ptc | sent | W7 | |
| envoyer | vb | to send | W7 | |
| véhicule | n.masc | vehicle | W7 | |
| wagon | n.masc | wagon, (railroad) car | W7 | |
| wagon-lit | n.masc | wagon-lit | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | voga | n.fem | vogue, fashion | W7 |
| vogare | vb | to row | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | vāžis | n | cart | LRC |
| vèzti | vb | to carry, convey | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vesti | vb | to carry, convey | LRC |
| vozŭ | n | carriage | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὀχέω | vb | to bear, endure; be borne | LRC |
| ὄχος | n | carriage, chariot | LRC | |
| Greek: | ὀχλοκρᾰτία | n.fem | ochlocracy | LS |
| ὄχλος | n.masc | mob, crowd, throng | LS | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | vazaiti | vb | to travel | LRC |
| vazyam | n | load | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | váhati | vb | to travel | LRC |
| vahítram | n | ship, vehicle | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
