Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯eg̑h- 'to move, drive, carry, convey'
Semantic Field(s): to Move, to Drive, to Bear, Carry
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | fēn | n | cart, carriage | LRC |
Welsh: | ar-wain | vb | to carry | LRC |
cy-wain | vb | to drive | LRC | |
gwain | n | cart, carriage | LRC | |
English | ||||
Old English: | aweg | adv | out, away | ASD |
ēar-wicga | n.masc | earwig | W7 | |
wǣg | n.masc | wave, billow | LRC | |
wǣge | n.fem | weight; scale, balance | W7 | |
wæg-līðend | n.masc | lit. wave-traveler | LRC | |
wæg-þel | n.neut | ship, lit. wave-planking | LRC | |
wǣn, wæg(e)n | n.fem | wain, wagon | W7 | |
weg | n.masc | way | LRC | |
wegan | vb | to weigh, move, bring, carry | W7 | |
wicga | n.masc | (kind of) insect | W7 | |
wiht | n.fem | weight | W7 | |
wōh | adj | bent, crooked | W7 | |
Middle English: | alway(es) | adv | always | W7 |
away | adv | away | AHD | |
conveyen | vb | to convey | W7 | |
convoyen | vb | to convoy | W7 | |
erwigge | n | earwig | W7 | |
invectif | n | invective | W7 | |
vexen | vb | to vex | W7 | |
voyage | n | voyage | W7 | |
waggen | vb | to wag | W7 | |
wain | n | wain | W7 | |
-way | adv.sfx | -ways | W7 | |
we | adj/n | wee; little bit | W7 | |
weght | n | weight | W7 | |
weyen | vb | to weigh | W7 | |
wiglen | vb | to wiggle | W7 | |
English: | advection | n | horizontal movement of air mass | AHD/W7 |
always | adv | invariably, at all times | AHD/W7 | |
away | adj/adv | gone, absent; along, on the way | AHD/W7 | |
convection | n | action/process of conveying | AHD/W7 | |
convex | adj | curved/rounded like exterior of sphere/circle | AHD/W7 | |
convey | vb.trans | to lead, conduct | AHD/W7 | |
convoy | vb.trans | to guide, accompany | AHD/W7 | |
deviate | vb | to turn aside | AHD/W7 | |
devious | adj | remote, located off easiest path | AHD/W7 | |
earwig | n | insect with large pair of forceps | AHD/W7 | |
envoi | n | explanatory/commendatory concluding remarks | AHD/W7 | |
envoy | n | foreign minister plenipotentiary | AHD/W7 | |
evection | n | perturbation of moon's orbit due to sun's gravitation | AHD/W7 | |
graywacke | n | coarse dark gray sandstone/fine-grained conglomerate | AHD/W7 | |
Greenway | prop.n | road through Bree in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
invective | adj | denunciatory, re: insult/abuse | AHD/W7 | |
inveigh | vb.intrans | to rail, protest/complain bitterly/vehemently | AHD/W7 | |
invoice | n | bill, itemized list of goods sold | AHD/W7 | |
Norwegian | prop.n | person/language of Norway | LRC | |
obviate | vb.trans | to make unnecessary, see/dispose of beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
obvious | adj | opposite, being in way/in front | AHD/W7 | |
ochlocracy | n | government by mob | AHD/W7 | |
ochlophobia | n | abnormal fear of crowds | AHD | |
ogee | n | S-shaped molding | AHD/W7 | |
ogive | n | diagonal rib/arch across Gothic vault | AHD/W7 | |
pervious | adj | permeable, admitting passage | AHD/W7 | |
previous | adj | preceding, going before in time/order | AHD/W7 | |
Stonewain | prop.n | narrow valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
thalweg | n | line tracing lowest points in valley/river bed | AHD | |
trivial | adj | commonplace, ordinary | AHD/W7 | |
trivium | n | three liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic | AHD/W7 | |
vector | n | quantity comprising direction and magnitude | AHD/W7 | |
vehement | adj | strong, re: exertion of great force/energy | AHD/W7 | |
vehicle | n | means of transport | AHD/W7 | |
vex | vb.trans | to bring trouble/distress/agitation to | AHD/W7 | |
via | prep | by way of | AHD/W7 | |
viaduct | n | bridge (on series of narrow arches) | AHD/W7 | |
viatical | adj | re: way, road, journey | AHD | |
vogue | n | leading place in acceptance/popularity | AHD/W7 | |
voyage | n | journey, act/instance of traveling | AHD/W7 | |
wag | vb | to stir, be in motion | AHD/W7 | |
wagon | n | 4-wheeled vehicle for bulky item transport | AHD/W7 | |
wagon-lit | n | (railroad) sleeping car | AHD/W7 | |
wain | n | large/heavy wagon for farm use | AHD/W7 | |
way | n | thoroughfare for travel/transportation | AHD/W7 | |
waybread | n | bread for journey in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wayfarer | n | traveler | AHD | |
wayfaring | adj | traveling | AHD | |
Waymeet | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wee | adj | little, very small | AHD/W7 | |
weigh | vb | to measure mass/weight (via scale/balance) | AHD/W7 | |
weight | n | amount that thing weighs | AHD/W7 | |
wiggle | vb | to jiggle, move to/fro with quick jerky/shaking motion | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wain, wein | n.masc | wain, wagon, carriage, vehicle | ASD |
wega, weia | vb | to weigh, move | ASD | |
wei | n.masc | way | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | wagen | n | wagon | W7 |
Dutch: | weegschaal | n | weighing scales | TLL |
weg | n | way | LRC | |
wegen | vb | to weigh | LRC | |
wegens | prep | on account of | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | weg | n.masc | way | ASD |
Old Low German: | reidi-wagan | n.masc | chariot, lit. riding-wagon | ASD |
wegan | vb | to weigh | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | wiggelen | vb | to wiggle | W7 |
Old High German: | wāga | n | scales, weights | KDW |
wāga | n.fem | weight, balance | ASD | |
wagan | n.masc | wagon, carriage | ASD | |
weg | n.masc | way | ASD/W7 | |
wegan | vb | to weigh, move, carry | ASD | |
Middle High German: | wacken | vb | to totter | W7 |
German: | Waage | n.fem | scales, balance, weighing device | TLL |
wackeln | vb | to wag, wiggle, totter | LRC | |
Wagen | n.masc | wagon | LRC | |
wägen | vb.trans | to weigh | TLL | |
Weg | n.masc | way, road | LRC | |
wegen | prep | on account of | TLL | |
wiegen | vb | to weigh | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | vagn | n | wagon | LRC |
vega | vb | to move | LRC | |
vegr | n.masc | way, road | LRC | |
vætt | n | weight | W7 | |
Icelandic: | vagn | n.masc | wain, wagon, carriage, vehicle | ASD |
vág, vágir | n.fem | weight; [pl.] scales, balance | ASD | |
vega | vb | to weigh, move, carry | ASD | |
vegr | n.masc | way | ASD | |
Danish: | vej | n | way | LRC |
vægt | n | weight, scales | TLL | |
Swedish: | vagn | n | wain, wagon | TLL |
våg | n | weighing scales | TLL | |
väg | n | way | LRC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-wigan | vb | to wag, move, shake, wiggle | ASD |
un-wāhs | adj | bent, crooked | ASD | |
wigs | n.str.masc | way, road, journey | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | *waghen, vvaghen | n | wagon | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | advectio, advectionis | n.fem | act of bringing | W7 |
advectus | n.masc | act of bringing | W7 | |
adveho, advehere | vb | to bring, carry to | W7 | |
convectus | vb.ptc | brought together | W7 | |
conveho, convehere | vb | to move/bring together | W7 | |
convexus | adj | convex, vaulted, concave | W7 | |
devius | adj | devious, out of the way | W7 | |
evectio, evectionis | n.fem | rising, carrying out | W7 | |
evectus | vb.ptc | risen, carried out | W7 | |
eveho, evehere | vb | to carry out, raise up | W7 | |
invectivus | adj | insulting | W7 | |
invectus | vb.ptc | carried in | W7 | |
inveho, invehere | vb | to carry in | W7 | |
obviam | adv | in the way | W7 | |
obvius | adj | in the way | W7 | |
pervius | adj | pervious, accessible | W7 | |
praevius | adj | leading the way | W7 | |
trivialis | adj | trivial, commonplace, found everywhere | W7 | |
trivium | n.neut | crossroads | W7 | |
vector | n.masc | carrier | W7 | |
vectus | vb.ptc | carried | W7 | |
vehemens, vehementis | adj | being impetuous | W7 | |
vehiculum | n.neut | carriage, conveyance | W7 | |
veho, vehere | vb | to drive, carry, convey | W7 | |
vexo, vexare | vb | to vex, trouble, agitate | W7 | |
vexus | vb.ptc | bent, crooked | W7 | |
via | n.fem | way, road | W7 | |
viaticum | n.neut | traveling money | W7 | |
viaticus | adj | re: journey | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | convio, conviāre | vb | to escort, accompany | W7 |
invio, inviare | vb | to send on one's way | W7 | |
Late Latin: | convectio, convectionis | n.fem | act of bringing together | W7 |
deviatus | vb.ptc | gone astray | W7 | |
devio, deviāre | vb | to go astray | W7 | |
obviatus | vb.ptc | met | W7 | |
obvio, obviāre | vb | to meet, withstand | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | Norwegia | n.fem | Norway | W7 |
Old Spanish: | bogar | vb | to row | W7 |
Old French: | conveier | vb | to escort, accompany | W7 |
envei | n.masc | message | W7 | |
envoier | vb | to send on one's way | W7 | |
voiage | n.masc | trip, voyage | W7 | |
Middle French: | conveier | vb | to convey | W7 |
convoier | vb | to convoy | W7 | |
envoi | n.masc | message | W7 | |
invectif | adj | insulting | W7 | |
ochlocratie | n.fem | ochlocracy | W7 | |
véhément | adj | violent, passionate, impetuous | W7 | |
vexer | vb | to vex, outrage | W7 | |
vogue | n.fem | vogue | W7 | |
French: | convexe | adj | convex | W7 |
envoi | n.masc | message, act of sending | W7 | |
envoyé | vb.past.ptc | sent | W7 | |
envoyer | vb | to send | W7 | |
véhicule | n.masc | vehicle | W7 | |
wagon | n.masc | wagon, (railroad) car | W7 | |
wagon-lit | n.masc | wagon-lit | W7 | |
Old Italian: | voga | n.fem | vogue, fashion | W7 |
vogare | vb | to row | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | vāžis | n | cart | LRC |
vèzti | vb | to carry, convey | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | vesti | vb | to carry, convey | LRC |
vozŭ | n | carriage | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ὀχέω | vb | to bear, endure; be borne | LRC |
ὄχος | n | carriage, chariot | LRC | |
Greek: | ὀχλοκρᾰτία | n.fem | ochlocracy | LS |
ὄχλος | n.masc | mob, crowd, throng | LS | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | vazaiti | vb | to travel | LRC |
vazyam | n | load | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | váhati | vb | to travel | LRC |
vahítram | n | ship, vehicle | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |