Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯egu̯- : ū̆gu̯-, uku̯s- 'damp, moist; to wet, sprinkle, irrigate; ox'
Semantic Field(s): Wet, Damp, Water, Ox, Steer
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | oxa | n.masc | ox | ASD/W7 |
| ūr | n.masc | urus; (name for) U-rune | ASD | |
| Middle English: | humour | n | humor | W7 |
| ox | n | ox | W7 | |
| English: | aurochs | n | urus | AHD/W7 |
| humectant | n | substance promoting moisture retention | AHD/W7 | |
| humid | adj | damp, re: perceptible moisture | AHD/W7 | |
| humor | n | normal functioning body fluid/semifluid | AHD/W7 | |
| hygro- | pfx | moisture, humidity | AHD | |
| ox, oxen | n.str | domestic bovine mammal(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| urus | n | (extinct) long-horned wild ox | W7 | |
| wake | n | track left by body moving in water | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | os | n | ox | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | ohso | n | ox | IEW |
| Old High German: | ohso | n | ox | W7 |
| ūrohso | n | aurochs | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | ürochse | n | aurochs | CDC |
| German: | Auerochse | n.masc | aurochs | LRC |
| Ochs | n.masc | ox | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *uruz | n | urus; (name for) U-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | oxi, uxi | n.masc | ox | KNW |
| vǫk | n | hole in ice | W7 | |
| vǫkr | adj | damp | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | uxi | n | ox | ASD |
| Danish: | okse | n | ox | TLL |
| Swedish: | oxe | n | ox | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | auhsa | n | ox | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | humectans, humectantis | adj/vb.ptc | moistening | W7 |
| humecto, humectare | vb | to moisten | W7 | |
| humectus | vb.ptc | moist | W7 | |
| humeo, humēre | vb | to be moist | W7 | |
| humidus | adj | moist, humid | W7 | |
| humor | n.fem | humor, moisture | W7 | |
| uxor, uxoris | n.fem | wife | LRC | |
| Middle French: | humeur | n.fem | humor, fluid | W7 |
| French: | humide | adj | damp, humid | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ὑγρός | adj | wet, moist, fluid | LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |