Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. u̯(e)id- 'to vide, see, wit, know'
Semantic Field(s): to See, to Know
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | druid | n | druid, lit. tree-seer | GED |
find | adj | white, clearly visible | AHD | |
Welsh: | gwyddom | vb.1.pl | we know | LRC |
gwyn(n) | adj | white | AHD | |
Gaulish: | druides | adj | knowing certainly | GED |
druides | n.masc | druid, lit. tree-seer | W7 | |
English | ||||
Old English: | ætwītan | vb | to reproach | ASD/W7 |
and-wīs | adj | expert, skillful | ASD | |
gewis(s) | adj | sure, certain, knowing | ASD/W7 | |
gewītan, gewāt, gewiton, gewiten | vb.str.I | to go, depart | LRC | |
sām-wīs | adj | dull, simple, foolish, lit. half-wise | ASD | |
wīs | adj | wise | W7 | |
wīsdōm | n.masc | wisdom | W7 | |
wīse | n.fem | wise, state, condition | W7 | |
wita | n.masc | sage, elder, counsellor, wise man | ASD | |
witan, wāt, witon, wiste | vb.ptpr.I | to wit, observe, be aware | LRC | |
wītan, wāt, witon, witen | vb.str.I | to go, depart | W7 | |
wīte | n.neut | pain, torment, punishment | W7 | |
wītega | n.masc | wizard, prophet, soothsayer | W7 | |
Middle English: | advice | n | advice | W7 |
a(d)visen | vb | to advise | AHD | |
atwiten | vb | to reproach, upbraid | W7 | |
avys | n | advice, opinion, deliberation | MEV | |
envie | n | envy | W7 | |
evident | adj | evident | W7 | |
guide | n | guide | W7 | |
guise | n | guise | W7 | |
idol | n | idol | W7 | |
iwis | adv | iwis | W7 | |
providen | vb | to provide | W7 | |
prudent | adj | prudent | W7 | |
purveien | vb | to purvey | W7 | |
purveu | n | purview | W7 | |
storie | n | story | W7 | |
surveyen | vb | to survey | W7 | |
vewe | n | view | W7 | |
visage | n | visage | W7 | |
viser | n | visor, mask | W7 | |
vision | n | vision | W7 | |
visiten | vb | to visit | W7 | |
wis, wys | adj | wise | W7 | |
wisdom | n | wisdom | W7 | |
wise | n | wise | W7 | |
wit | n | wit | W7 | |
wite | n | wite | W7 | |
witen | vb | to wit | W7 | |
wot | vb.sg.1/3 | (I/he) wot(s), know(s) | W7 | |
woten | vb | to wot | W7 | |
wysard | n | wizard | W7 | |
English: | advice | n | counsel, recommendation re: decision/course of conduct | AHD/W7 |
advise | vb | to counsel, give advice to | AHD/W7 | |
Andwise | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
belvedere | n | structure designed to command view | AHD/W7 | |
black-a-vised | adj | dark-complexioned | AHD/W7 | |
clairvoyant | adj | discerning, unusually perceptive | AHD/W7 | |
colcannon | n | boiled/mashed potatos/cabbage | AHD | |
druid | n | Celtic priest: seer, wizard, magician | AHD/W7 | |
eidetic | adj | re: visual images with almost photographic accuracy | AHD/W7 | |
eidolon | n | phantom, unsubstantial image | AHD/W7 | |
envy | n | malice | AHD/W7 | |
evident | adj | clear to vision/understanding | AHD/W7 | |
guide | n | one who leads/directs another | AHD/W7 | |
guidon | n | small flag | AHD | |
guise | n | costume, form/style of dress | AHD/W7 | |
guy | n | rope/chain/rod attached as brace/guide | AHD/W7 | |
hadal | adj | re: ocean below 6 km | AHD/W9 | |
Hades | prop.n | god of underworld, ruler of dead (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
history | n | tale, story | AHD/W7 | |
idea | n | real pattern of which physical things are imperfect representations | AHD/W7 | |
ideo- | pfx | idea | AHD/W7 | |
idocrase | n | vesuvianite: complex silicate mineral | AHD/W7 | |
idol | n | symbol/representation of deity used as object of worship | AHD/W7 | |
idyll | n | simple descriptive literary work re: peace/contentment | AHD/W7 | |
improvise | vb | to extemporize, sing/recite/compose on spur of moment | AHD/W7 | |
interview | n | formal consultation/evaluation | AHD/W7 | |
invidious | adj | tending to cause envy/discontent/animosity | AHD/W7 | |
iwis | adv | surely, certainly | AHD/W7 | |
kaleidoscope | n | instrument for viewing patterns in bits of colored glass | AHD/W7 | |
penguin | n | flightless aquatic bird | AHD | |
polyhistor | n | polymath | AHD/W7 | |
previse | vb.trans | to foresee | AHD/W7 | |
provide | vb | to take precautionary measures | AHD/W7 | |
prudent | adj | wise, foresighted | AHD/W7 | |
purvey | vb.trans | to supply (e.g. provisions) | AHD/W7 | |
purview | n | scope/limit/purpose/body of statute | AHD/W7 | |
review | n | revision | AHD/W7 | |
revise | vb.trans | to review in order to correct/improve | AHD/W7 | |
Samwise | prop.n | simple hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
story | n | tale, history | AHD/W7 | |
supervise | vb.trans | to oversee, superintend | AHD/W7 | |
survey | vb | to appraise, examine re: value/condition/situation | AHD/W7 | |
twit | vb.trans | to rally, subject to light reproach/ridicule | AHD/W7 | |
unwitting | adj | unaware, inadvertent | AHD | |
Veda | prop.n | ancient scripture written in Sanskrit (Hinduism) | LRC | |
vide | vb | to see, view | AHD/W7 | |
view | n | inspection, act of seeing/examining | AHD/W7 | |
visa | n | passport endorsement | AHD/W7 | |
visage | n | face/countenance/appearance of person | AHD/W7 | |
vision | n | something seen in dream/trance/ecstasy | AHD/W7 | |
visit | vb | to go see | AHD/W7 | |
visor | n | front piece of helmet | AHD/W7 | |
vista | n | prospect, view through/along opening/avenue | AHD/W7 | |
voyeur | n | one obtaining sexual gratification by viewing sex acts/organs | AHD/W7 | |
wisdom | n | knowledge, accumulated philosophic/scientific learning | AHD/W7 | |
Wise | prop.n | Eldar wizard(s) in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wise | adj | sage, having wisdom | AHD/W7 | |
wise | n | way, manner | AHD/W7 | |
wiseacre | n | smart aleck, one making pretensions to wisdom | AHD/W7 | |
wit | n | mind, memory | AHD/W7 | |
wit | vb | to know, learn | AHD/W7 | |
wite | n | blame, responsibility | AHD/W7 | |
witenagemot | n | council of the wise | AHD/W7 | |
witness | n | observer | TLL | |
witness | vb | to see, observe | LRC | |
wizard | n | sage, wise man; sorcerer | W7 | |
British English: | wot | vb | to wit | AHD/W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wīs | n.fem | wise, mode, fashion | ASD |
wis | adj | wise, discreet, judicious | ASD | |
wīs-dō | n.masc | wisdom, discretion | ASD | |
wita | vb | to wit, be aware, have knowledge | ASD | |
wīte | n.neut | pain, torment, punishment | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | wijs-segger | n | wizard, soothsayer | W7 |
Dutch: | gei | n | brail | W7 |
Old Saxon: | wis | adj | wise, discreet, judicious | ASD |
wīsa | n.fem | wise, mode, fashion | ASD | |
wīs-dō | n.masc | wisdom, discretion | ASD | |
witan | vb | to wit, be aware, have knowledge | ASD | |
wīti | n.neut | torment, punishment | ASD | |
Old High German: | giwis | adj | sure, certain | ASD |
giwisso | adv | surely, certainly | W7 | |
wis | adj | wise, discreet, judicious | ASD | |
wīs(a) | n.fem | wise, mode, fashion | ASD/W7 | |
wīs-tuom | n.masc | wisdom, discretion | ASD | |
wīzan | vb | to punish | W7 | |
wīzi | n.neut | trial, torment, punishment | ASD/W7 | |
wīz(z)ago | n.masc | wizard, prophet, soothsayer | ASD/W7 | |
wizzan | vb | to wit, be aware, have knowledge | ASD/W7 | |
wizzi | n | wisdom, knowledge | W7 | |
German: | Druide | n.masc | druid | LRC |
gewiß | adj | sure, certain | ASD | |
Wissen | n.neut | knowledge | LRC | |
wissen | vb | to wit | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | veita, veitt | vb | to grant, give; help; pay, yield | LRC |
vita, vissi | vb | to wit, understand, be aware of | LRC | |
víss | adj | wise, sure, certain | LRC | |
víti | n.neut | penalty, punishment, liability | LRC | |
Icelandic: | vita | vb | to wit, be aware, have knowledge | ASD |
vísa | n.fem | wise; stanza | ASD | |
vís-dómr | n.masc | wisdom, discretion | ASD | |
víss | adj | wise, discreet, judicious | ASD | |
víti | n.neut | fine, punishment | ASD | |
Swedish: | vis | adj | wise | TLL |
vitna | vb | to witness | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | inweitan | vb.str.I | to worship | LRC |
weis | adj | wise, discreet, judicious | ASD | |
*witan | vb.ptpr | to wit, be aware, have knowledge | ASD | |
witan | vb.wk.III | to observe, keep watch | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | evidens, evidentis | adj/vb.ptc | evident, obvious | W7 |
historia | n.fem | history, tale, inquiry | W7 | |
idea | n.fem | Platonian ideal | W7 | |
idyllium | n.neut | idyll | W7 | |
improvisus | adj | unforeseen | W7 | |
invideo, invidēre | vb | to envy, look askance at | W7 | |
invidia | n.fem | envy, jealousy | W7 | |
invidiosus | adj | envious, invidious | W7 | |
invidus | adj | envious, looking with the evil eye | W7 | |
praevisus | vb.ptc | foreseen, expected | W7 | |
providens, providentis | adj/vb.ptc | provident, foreseeing | W7 | |
provideo, providēre | vb | to provide, see ahead | W7 | |
provisus | vb.ptc | foreseen | W7 | |
prudens, prudentis | adj | prudent | W7 | |
revideo, revidēre | vb | to see again | W7 | |
reviso, revisere | vb | to look at again | W7 | |
revisus | vb.ptc | looked at again | W7 | |
videns, videntis | adj/vb.ptc | seeing | W7 | |
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum | vb | to see, know | LRC | |
visa | n.neut.pl | things seen | W7 | |
visio, visionis | n.fem | sight | W7 | |
visito, visitāre | vb | to visit | W7 | |
viso, visāre | vb | to go see | W7 | |
visus | vb.ptc | seen | W7 | |
Late Latin: | idolum | n.neut | idol | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | supervideo, supervidēre | vb | to supervise | W7 |
Old French: | avis | n.masc | advice, opinion, deliberation | W7 |
aviser | vb | to advise | W7 | |
envie | n.fem | lust, envy | W7 | |
estorie | n.fem | story | W7 | |
guier | vb | to guide | AHD | |
guise | n | guise, manner | AHD | |
idole | n.fem | idol | W7 | |
veeir | vb | to see | W7 | |
vis | n.masc | face | W7 | |
visage | n.masc | face | W7 | |
visiere | n.fem | visor | W7 | |
vision | n.fem | sight | W7 | |
visiter | vb | to visit | W7 | |
voir | vb | to see | W7 | |
vue | n.fem | sight | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | viser | n.masc | face | W7 |
Middle French: | entrevue | n.fem | interview | W7 |
evident | adj | evident, obvious | W7 | |
guide | n.masc | guide | W7 | |
guidon | n | guidon | W7 | |
porveeir | vb | to provide | W7 | |
prudent | adj | prudent | W7 | |
revoir | vb | to look over | W7 | |
revue | n.fem | act of looking over | W7 | |
surveeir | vb | to look over | W7 | |
veeir | vb | to see | W7 | |
veue | n.fem | sight | W7 | |
voir | vb | to see | W7 | |
voyeur | n.masc | voyeur, one who sees | W7 | |
vue | n.fem | sight | W7 | |
French: | clairvoyant | adj | one who foresees | W7 |
hadal | adj | hadal | W9 | |
improviser | vb | to improvise | W7 | |
réviser | vb | to look at again | W7 | |
visa | n.masc | visa | W7 | |
voir | vb | to see | W7 | |
voyant | vb.ptc | seeing, who sees | W7 | |
voyeur | n.masc | one who spies on other's private life | W7 | |
Old Provençal: | guidar | vb | to guide | AHD |
Italian: | belvedere | n.masc | turret, terrace, belvedere | CID/W7 |
improvvisare | vb | to improvise | W7 | |
improvviso | adj | sudden | W7 | |
vedere | vb | to see | W7 | |
vista | n.fem | sight, view | W7 | |
visto | vb.ptc | seen | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | waidimai | vb | to know | LRC |
Lithuanian: | išvýsti, išvýsta, išvýdo | vb | to see, witness | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | viděti, viždǫ, vidiši | vb | to see | LRC |
věděti, věmь, věsi | vb | to see, know | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | εἴδος | n.neut | form, figure, appearance | W7 |
εἴδωλον | n.neut | ghost, phantom | W7 | |
Greek: | Αἵδης | prop.n.masc | Hades | LRC |
εἰδητικός | adj | eidetic, re: form/appearance | W7 | |
εἰδύλλιον | n.neut.dim | idyll, idyllic poem | W7 | |
*εἴδω | vb | to see | LRC | |
ἰδέα | n.fem | form, nature, idea | W7 | |
ἰδού | adv | behold | LRC | |
ἱστορία | n.fem | history, inquiry | LRC | |
ἵστωρ, ἴστωρ | adj | knowing, learned | LS | |
ἵστωρ, ἴστωρ | n.masc/fem | judge, witness; inquirer, historian | LS | |
οἶδα | vb | to know | LRC | |
πολυ-ΐστωρ | adj | very learned | LS | |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | gitem | vb | to know | LRC |
gtanem | vb | to find, get, obtain | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | vaēðe | vb | to know | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | veda | n | wisdom, knowledge | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
3 | = | 3rd person |
I | = | class 1 |
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |