Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯eidh-, u̯idh- 'to divide, separate; widow'
Semantic Field(s): to Split, Widow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wāsa | n.masc | wild man, forlorn/abandoned person | LRC |
| widuwa | n.masc | widower | W7 | |
| widuwe, wuduwe | n.fem | widow | W7 | |
| wudu-wāsa | n.masc | woodwose | ASD | |
| Middle English: | devisen | vb | to devise | W7 |
| dividen | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| widewe | n | widow | W7 | |
| woodwose | n | woodwose | OED | |
| English: | devise | vb.trans | to invent, form in mind | AHD/W7 |
| divide | vb | to separate into parts/groups/areas | AHD/W7 | |
| point-device | adj | precise, meticulous, scrupulously neat/correct | AHD | |
| widow | n | woman who lost husband by death | AHD/W7 | |
| widower | n | man who lost wife by death | AHD/W7 | |
| woodwose | n | faun, satyr; wild woodsman | OED | |
| Wose | prop.n | Wild Man in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wēsa | n | orphan | IEW |
| widwe | n.fem | widow | ASD | |
| Dutch: | wees | n | orphan | LRC |
| Old Saxon: | widowa | n.fem | widow | ASD |
| Old High German: | weiso | n | orphan | IEW |
| wituwa, witawa | n.fem | widow | ASD/W7 | |
| witwo | n.masc | widower | ASD | |
| German: | Waise | n.fem | orphan | IEW |
| Witwe | n.fem | widow | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | widuwaírna | n.masc | orphan | IEW |
| widuwō | n.fem | widow | ASD/IEW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dīvidō, dīvidere | vb | to divide | W7 |
| divisus | vb.ptc | divided | W7 | |
| vidua | n.fem | widow | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | diviso, divisāre | vb | to devise | W7 |
| Old French: | diviser | vb | to divide | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | vidurỹs | n.masc | inside, interior | LRC |
| vidùs | n.masc | inside, interior | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἠίθεος | n.masc | bachelor, unmarried youth | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |