Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. u̯eik-, u̯eig-, extended form of u̯ei- 'to bend, curve; exchange, pass around'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, to Trade
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wāg, wǣg | n.masc | wough, (wattle) wall | ASD/KEW |
| wīcan | vb | to yield | W7 | |
| wice | n.masc | wych | AHD/ASD | |
| wīcing | n.masc | viking, sea robber | ASD | |
| wīcing-sceaþa | n.masc | viking | ASD | |
| wīcing-sceaþe | n.fem | piracy | ASD | |
| wicu, wucu | n.fem | week | LRC | |
| Middle English: | vecche | n | vetch | W7 |
| vicar | n | vicar | W7 | |
| vice- | pfx | vice- | W7 | |
| vis- | pfx | vice- | W7 | |
| weike | adj | weak | W7 | |
| weke | n | week | W7 | |
| wiker | n | wicker | W7 | |
| wiket | n | wicket | W7 | |
| English: | vetch | n | herbaceous twining leguminous plant | AHD/W7 |
| vicar | n | one serving as agent/substitute | AHD/W7 | |
| vicarious | adj | delegated, serving instead of someone/something else | AHD/W7 | |
| vice- | pfx | one who takes place of | AHD/W7 | |
| vicissitude | n | mutability, natural change | AHD/W7 | |
| viking | n | pirate, plunderer, seafaring marauder | W7 | |
| weak | adj | lacking strength | AHD/W7 | |
| week | n | seven-day period | AHD/W7 | |
| wicker | n | withe, small pliant twig/osier | AHD/W7 | |
| wicket | n | small gate/door | AHD/W7 | |
| wough | n.obs | partition, indoor wall, house wall | OED | |
| wych | n | type of elm (with pliant branches) | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wāch | n | wough | OED |
| wīka | vb | to yield, give way | ASD | |
| wike | n.fem | week | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | wiket | n | wicket | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | wīkan | vb | to yield, give way | ASD |
| Old Low German: | wika | n.fem | week | ASD |
| Old High German: | wehha, wohha | n.fem | week | ASD/W7 |
| wīchan | vb | to yield, give way | ASD | |
| German: | weich | adj | weak, soft, pliant | TLL |
| Woche | n.fem | week | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | veikr | adj | weak | W7 |
| vika | n.fem | week | LRC | |
| vík | n.fem | creek, inlet, small bay | ICE/ODE | |
| víkingr | n.masc | viking, freebooter | ICE/ODE | |
| Old Icelandic: | víking | n.fem | piracy, freebooting voyage | ICE |
| vīkva | vb | to move, turn; yield, recede | IEW | |
| Icelandic: | vika | n.fem | week | ASD |
| víkja | vb | to yield, give way | ASD | |
| Danish: | vig | n | creek, inlet, small bay | ICE |
| Swedish: | vecka | n | week | TLL |
| vek | adj | weak | TLL | |
| vik | n | bay | TLL | |
| vikker | n | wicker, willow | W7 | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | waíhsta | n.wk.masc | corner | LRC |
| wikō | n.fem | week | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | vicarius | adj | replacing, in replacement | W7 |
| vice | adj | in alternance | W7 | |
| vicia | n.fem | vetch | W7 | |
| vicis | n.fem | stead, change, alternation | W7 | |
| vicissim | adv | in turn | W7 | |
| vicissitudo | n.fem | misadventure | W7 | |
| vincio, vincīre | vb | to bind | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | vice- | pfx | in turn, in replacement | W7 |
| Old North French: | veche | n.fem | vetch | W7 |
| Middle French: | vice- | pfx | in turn, vicarious | W7 |
| vicissitude | n.fem | vicissitude, misadventure | W7 | |
| Italian: | invece | adv | instead | TLL |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
