Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 8. u̯el- 'to steal; to wound, tear, avulse'
Semantic Field(s): to Steal, to Harm, Injure, Damage, to Tear
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wæl | n.neut | carnage; battlefield | LRC |
| wællgrim | adj | fierce, cruel | LRC | |
| wælsleaht | n.str.masc | carnage, slaughter | LRC | |
| Middle English: | veluet, velvet | n | velvet | W7 |
| English: | avulse | vb.trans | to tear off, forcibly separate | AHD/W7 |
| berdache | n | transgendered Amerindian | AHD | |
| convulse | vb.trans | to shake/agitate violently | AHD/W7 | |
| divulsion | n | tearing apart | AHD/W7 | |
| evulsion | n | extraction | AHD/W7 | |
| revulsion | n | withdrawal, strong pulling/drawing away | AHD/W7 | |
| svelte | adj | lithe, slender | AHD/W7 | |
| Valkyrie | prop.n | maiden of Odin: chooses hero to be slain, guides him to Valhalla (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
| velour | n | fabric resembling velvet | AHD/W7 | |
| velvet | n | fabric with short soft dense pile | AHD/W7 | |
| villus | n | small slender vascular process | AHD/W7 | |
| vulnerable | adj | easily wounded | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | wal | n | the slain, the dead | ASD |
| Old High German: | wal | n | slaughter, casualties | ASD |
| German: | Walküre | prop.n | Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Valkyrie | prop.n | Valkyrie: minor divinity (Norse mythology) | W7 |
| valr | n.masc | the slain | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | val-kyrja | n.fem | Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain | ASD |
| valr | n | the slain | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | wilwa | n.masc | robber | GED |
| wilwan | vb.str | to rob | GED/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | avello, avellere | vb | to tear off | W7 |
| convello, convellere | vb | to convulse, pluck up | W7 | |
| convulsus | vb.ptc | destroyed, overthrown | W7 | |
| divello, divellere | vb | to tear apart; distract, separate | W7 | |
| evello, evellere | vb | to pluck out | W7 | |
| evulsio, evulsionis | n.fem | evulsion, act of unrolling | W7 | |
| evulsus | vb.ptc | unrolled | W7 | |
| revello, revellere | vb | to pluck away | W7 | |
| revulsio, revulsionis | n.fem | revulsion, act of tearing away | W7 | |
| revulsus | vb.ptc | torn away | W7 | |
| velleo, vellēre | vb | to pluck | W7 | |
| vello, vellere | vb | to pluck | W7 | |
| vellus | n.neut | fleece | W7 | |
| villosus | adj | shaggy | W7 | |
| villus | adj | shaggy hair | W7 | |
| vulnero, vulnerāre | vb | to wound | W7 | |
| vulnus, vulneris | n.neut | wound | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | villutus | adj | shaggy | W7 |
| Late Latin: | vulnerabilis | adj | vulnerable | W7 |
| New Latin: | villus | n.masc | vascular process | W7 |
| Old French: | velous | n.masc | velvet | W7 |
| Middle French: | velour(s) | n.masc | velvet | W7 |
| velu | adj | shaggy | W7 | |
| French: | bardache | n | berdache, catamite | AHD |
| svelte | adj | slim, slender | W7 | |
| velours | n.masc | velvet, velour | W7 | |
| American French: | berdache | n | berdache | AHD |
| Italian: | bardascia | n | berdache, catamite | AHD |
| svèllere | vb | to pluck out, extirpate | W7 | |
| svèlto | adj | quick; slender | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | οὐλή | n.fem | scar, wound | LS |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Iranian: | *varta- | n | prisoner | AHD |
| Middle Persian: | vartak | n | prisoner | AHD |
| Persian: | bardah | n | prisoner | AHD |
| Avestan: | varəta- | n | prisoner, one seized | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
