Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3d. u̯er-, u̯er-g- 'to turn, wrench'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Turn Around
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wrencan | vb | to wrench | W7 |
| Middle English: | wrenchen | vb | to wrench | W7 |
| English: | converge | vb | to meet, come together, move/tend toward common point | AHD/W7 |
| diverge | vb | to draw apart, move/extend from common point in different directions | AHD/W7 | |
| verge | vb.intrans | to sink, incline toward horizon | AHD/W7 | |
| wrench | vb | to move with violent twisting | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | renken | vb | to wrench | W7 |
| German: | renken | vb.intrans | to wrench, turn | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | vergo, vergere | vb | to bend, incline | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | convergō, convergere | vb | to bend/come together | W7 |
| divergo, divergere | vb | to diverge | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
