Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 3d. u̯er-, u̯er-g-   'to turn, wrench'

Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Turn Around

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: wrencan vb to wrench W7
Middle English: wrenchen vb to wrench W7
English: converge vb to meet, come together, move/tend toward common point AHD/W7
diverge vb to draw apart, move/extend from common point in different directions AHD/W7
verge vb.intrans to sink, incline toward horizon AHD/W7
wrench vb to move with violent twisting AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old High German: renken vb to wrench W7
German: renken vb.intrans to wrench, turn ASD
Italic  
Latin: vergo, vergere vb to bend, incline W7
Medieval Latin: convergō, convergere vb to bend/come together W7
divergo, divergere vb to diverge W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
intrans=intransitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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