Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3h. u̯er-, u̯er-t- 'to turn, wind, invert'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Wind, Wrap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | gwerthyd | n | spindle, distaff | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | inweard | adj | inward | W7 |
| -wards | sfx | -ward | W7 | |
| -weard(es) | sfx | -ward (in some specified direction) | W7 | |
| weorþ | adj | worthy | W7 | |
| weorðan | vb | to worth | W7 | |
| wyrd | adj | weird | W7 | |
| Middle English: | adverse | adj | adverse | W7 |
| anniversarie | n | anniversary | W7 | |
| averten | vb | to avert | W7 | |
| controversie | n | controversy | W7 | |
| conversen | vb | to converse | W7 | |
| converten | vb | to convert | W7 | |
| diverten | vb | to divert | W7 | |
| inward | adj | inward | W7 | |
| perverten | vb | to pervert | W7 | |
| reverten | vb | to revert | W7 | |
| stalwart, stalworth | n | stalwart | W7 | |
| subverten | vb | to subvert | W7 | |
| vers | n | verse | W7 | |
| -ward(s) | sfx | -ward | W7 | |
| werd | n | weird, fate, destiny | W7 | |
| wird | adj | weird | W7 | |
| worth | n | worth | W7 | |
| worthen | vb | to worth | W7 | |
| English: | adverse | adj | antagonistic, acting against/in contrary direction | AHD/W7 |
| advertise | vb | to inform, notify, call attention to | W7 | |
| anniversary | n | annual recurrence of date marking notable event | AHD/W7 | |
| avert | vb.trans | to turn (e.g. eyes) away/aside | AHD/W7 | |
| bouleversement | n | reversal | AHD | |
| controversy | n | dispute, discussion marked by opposing claims | AHD/W7 | |
| converse | vb.arch | to become engaged/occupied | AHD/W7 | |
| convert | vb | to move from one view/belief/party to another | AHD/W7 | |
| divert | vb | to deviate, turn aside | AHD/W7 | |
| evert | vb.trans | to upset, overthrow | AHD/W7 | |
| extroversion | n | act/state/habit of attending to/obtaining gratification from outside self | AHD/W7 | |
| extrovert | adj | re: extroversion | AHD/W7 | |
| introvert | vb | to turn/draw inward | AHD/W7 | |
| invert | vb.trans | to turn inside out/upside down | AHD/W7 | |
| inward | adj | inner, situated on inside | AHD/W7 | |
| malversation | n | corruption/misbehavior in trust/office/commission | AHD/W7 | |
| obvert | vb.trans | to turn to present different surface to view | AHD/W7 | |
| pervert | vb.trans | to corrupt, avert from truth/propriety | AHD/W7 | |
| re(d)- | pfx | back, again, in turn | TLL | |
| retro- | pfx | backward | W7 | |
| revert | vb.intrans | to go/come back | AHD/W7 | |
| subvert | vb.trans | to ruin, overturn/overthrow from foundation | AHD/W7 | |
| tergiversate | vb.intrans | to apostatize, become renegade | AHD/W7 | |
| transverse | adj | extended, lying across | AHD/W7 | |
| universe | n | cosmos, every thing/phenomenon observed/postulated | AHD/W7 | |
| university | n | degree-granting research institution | W7 | |
| versatile | adj | variable, changing/fluctuating readily | AHD/W7 | |
| verse | n | line of metrical writing | AHD/W7 | |
| version | n | translation from another language | AHD/W7 | |
| versus | prep | against | AHD/W7 | |
| vertebra | n | bony/cartilaginous segment in spinal column | AHD/W7 | |
| vertex | n | point opposite to/farthest from base in figure | AHD/W7 | |
| vertigo | n | giddiness, disordered dizzy/whirling state | AHD/W7 | |
| vortex | n | mass of fluid in whirling/circular motion | AHD/W7 | |
| -ward | adj.sfx | that moves/tends/faces/is directed toward | AHD/W7 | |
| -ward(s) | adv.sfx | in (specified) spatial/temporal direction | AHD/W7 | |
| weird | adj/n | (re:) fate, destiny | AHD/W7 | |
| worth | adj/n | (having) material/monetary value | AHD/W7 | |
| worth | vb.intrans.arch | to become, happen | AHD/W7 | |
| worthy | adj | estimable, having worth/value | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | werð | n.neut | worth, value | ASD |
| werth | adj | worth(y) | ASD | |
| wertha | vb | to worth, arise, be made | ASD | |
| Dutch: | adverteeren | vb | to advertise | TLL |
| universiteit | n | university | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | -ward | sfx | -ward | ASD |
| werð | n.neut | worth, value | ASD | |
| werðan | vb | to worth, arise, be made | ASD | |
| werth | adj | worth(y) | ASD | |
| wurð | n.fem | weird, death | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | werð | n.neut | worth, value | ASD |
| werth | adj | worth(y) | ASD | |
| Old High German: | inwert | adj | inward | W7 |
| -wart, -wert | sfx | -ward | W7 | |
| werd | adj | worth(y) | W7 | |
| werd | n.neut | worth, value | ASD | |
| werdan | vb | to worth, arise, be made | W7 | |
| wert | n | worth, price | IEW | |
| wurt | n.fem | weird, chance | ASD/IEW | |
| German: | extravertiert | adj | extrovert | W7 |
| Extroversion | n.fem | extroversion | W7 | |
| extrovertiert | adj | extrovert | W7 | |
| Universität | n.fem | university | TLL | |
| werden | vb | to worth | LRC | |
| Wert | n.masc | worth | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | verþa | vb | to worth | LRC |
| Icelandic: | urðr | n.fem | weird, one of the Norns | ASD |
| verð | n.neut | worth, value | ASD | |
| verða | vb | to worth, arise, be made | ASD | |
| verðr | adj | worth(y) | ASD | |
| Danish: | avertere | vb | to advertise | TLL |
| universitet | n | university | TLL | |
| Swedish: | universitet | n | university | TLL |
| värde | n | worth | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | wairþa | n.neut | worth, value | ASD |
| wairþan | vb.str.III | to worth, arise, be made | LRC | |
| wairþs | adj | worth(y) | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adversus | adv | against, opposite to | LRC |
| adverto, advertere | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| anniversārius | adj | recurring annually | W7 | |
| averto, avertere | vb | to avert, turn away | W7 | |
| controversia | n.fem | controversy | W7 | |
| controversus | adj | disputable, turned opposite | W7 | |
| conversor, conversārī | vb.dep | to live, abide; frequent, converse | ELD/W7 | |
| converto, convertere | vb | to change, turn around | W7 | |
| diverto, divertere | vb | to divert, turn in opposite direction | W7 | |
| everto, evertere | vb | to eject, turn out | W7 | |
| inverto, invertere | vb | to invert, turn inside | W7 | |
| obverto, obvertere | vb | to turn toward | W7 | |
| perverto, pervertere | vb | to pervert, overturn | W7 | |
| proversus | vb.ptc | turned forward | W7 | |
| proverto, provertere | vb | to turn forward | W7 | |
| re(d)- | pfx | re- | TLL | |
| retrō | adv/pfx | back, retro- | TLL | |
| retroversus | adj | turned backward | W7 | |
| reverto, revertere | vb.trans | to turn/force back | W7 | |
| revertor, reverti | vb.dep.intrans | to revert, come back | W7 | |
| subverto, subvertere | vb | to subvert, turn from beneath | W7 | |
| tergiversatus | vb.ptc | having turned one's back, using pretexts | W7 | |
| tergiversor, tergiversāri | vb.dep | to shuffle, turn the back | W7 | |
| transversus | vb.ptc | crossed, turned across | W7 | |
| transverto, transvertere | vb | to cross | W7 | |
| universum | n.neut | universe | W7 | |
| universus | adj | whole, entire | W7 | |
| versatilis | adj | turning easily | W7 | |
| versatus | vb.ptc | active | W7 | |
| versō, versāre, versāvī, versātum | vb | to turn | LRC | |
| versus, versus | n.masc | line, row; verse | LRC | |
| versus | adv | toward(s), against, so as to face | W7 | |
| versus | vb.ptc | turned | W7 | |
| vertebra | n.fem | joint | W7 | |
| vertex, verticis | n.masc | whirl(pool); summit, top of the head | W7 | |
| vertigo, vertiginis | n.fem | vertigo, action of turning/whirling | W7 | |
| vertō, vertere, vertī, versum | vb | to turn, change, overturn | LRC | |
| vertor, verti | vb.dep | to turn | W7 | |
| vortex, vorticis | n.masc | whirl(pool); summit, top of the head | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | anniversāria | n | anniversary | AHD |
| versio, versionis | n.fem | act of turning | W7 | |
| New Latin: | vortex, vorticis | n.masc | vortex | W7 |
| Portuguese: | través | adv | through, across | TLL |
| Spanish: | través | adv | through, across | TLL |
| Old French: | advers | adj | adverse | AHD |
| avertir | vb | to avert | AHD | |
| convertir | vb | to convert | W7 | |
| vers | n.masc | verse | W7 | |
| Middle French: | advers | adj | contrary | W7 |
| avertir | vb | to avert | W7 | |
| converser | vb | to converse | W7 | |
| divertir | vb | to divert | W7 | |
| malversation | n.fem | malversation | W7 | |
| malverser | vb | to be corrupt | W7 | |
| pervertir | vb | to pervert, overturn | W7 | |
| revertir | vb | to revert, turn back | W7 | |
| subvertir | vb | to subvert | W7 | |
| verser | vb | to turn, pour | W7 | |
| version | n.fem | version, rendition of fact | W7 | |
| French: | bouleversement | n | bouleversement | W7 |
| travers | adv/prep | through, across | TLL | |
| vers | n | verse | TLL | |
| versatile | adj | that turns/changes easily | W7 | |
| Italian: | attraverso | adv/prep | through, across | TLL |
| verso | adv | toward | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ver̃sti, ver̃čia, ver̃tė | vb | to force, compel | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vrěmę | n.neut | time | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | varət- | vb | to turn | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | vártate | vb | to roll, turn round | LRC |
| vartáyati | vb | to move, set in motion | LRC | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | wrattsai | prep | against | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | wärt- | vb | to throw | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
