Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3i. u̯er-, u̯r-ei- 'to clench the teeth; wroth, confused'
Semantic Field(s): Anger, Obscure
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bewrēon, biwrāh, biwrigon, biwrigen | vb.str.I | to cover, conceal | LRC |
| brēr, brǣr | n.masc | brier, bramble | ASD/W7 | |
| wrǣþþo, wrǣþþu | n.fem | wrath | W7 | |
| wrāþ | adj | wroth, hostile | LRC | |
| wrēon, wrāh, wrigon, wrigen | vb.str.I | to hide, cover | LRC | |
| wrigian | vb | to wry, turn | W7 | |
| wriða | n.masc | wreath, band, ring | W7 | |
| wrīðan | vb | to writhe, twist, bind | W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | breer | n.masc | brier, bramble | ASD |
| Middle English: | brere | n | brier | W7 |
| wrath | n | wrath | W7 | |
| wrethe | n | wreath | W7 | |
| wrien | vb | to wry | W7 | |
| writhen | vb | to writhe | W7 | |
| wroth | adj | wroth | W7 | |
| English: | briar, brier | n | plant with woody/thorny/prickly stem | AHD/W7 |
| brusque | adj | markedly short/abrupt | AHD/W7 | |
| wrath | n | rage, violent anger | AHD/W7 | |
| wreath | n | something intertwined into circular shape | AHD/W7 | |
| writhe | vb | to twist into coils/folds | AHD/W7 | |
| wroth | adj | angry, wrathful, highly incensed | AHD/W7 | |
| wry | vb | to writhe, twist | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | wrēð | adj | wroth | ASD |
| Old High German: | gi-rīdan | vb | to wry, writhe, rotate | ASD |
| reid | adj | curled, twisted, trembling | ASD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rīða | vb | to wry, writhe | W7 |
| Icelandic: | reiði | n.fem | wrath | ASD |
| reiðr | adj | wroth | ASD | |
| ríða | vb | to wry, writhe, knit, wind | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| French: | brusque | adj | brusque | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ῥίπτω | vb | to throw down | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
