Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. u̯er- 'to shut, close, cover; guard, warn, save'
Semantic Field(s): to Shut, Close, to Cover, to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | warnian | vb | to warn, take heed | W7 |
wer | n.masc | weir, dam | W7 | |
werian, werede, wered | vb.wk.I | to wear; defend, protect | LRC | |
Middle English: | apert | adj/adv | plain, open; plainly, openly | MEV |
aperture | n | aperture | W7 | |
barbican | n | barbican | W7 | |
coveren | vb | to cover | W7 | |
coverlet, coverlite | n | coverlet | W7 | |
garette | n | garret, watchtower | W7 | |
garisoun | n | garrison, protection | W7 | |
garment | n | garment | W7 | |
garnishen | vb | to garnish | W7 | |
overt | adj | overt | W7 | |
overture | n | overture, opening | W7 | |
pert | adj | pert | W7 | |
warantie | n | warranty | W7 | |
warenne | n | warren | W7 | |
warnen | vb | to warn | W7 | |
warrant | n | warrant, protector | W7 | |
warranten | vb | to warrant | W7 | |
were | n | weir, dam | W7 | |
English: | ambarella | n | tropical/equatorial fruit tree | AHD |
aperient | adj | laxative, re: gently moving bowels | AHD/W7 | |
aperitif | n | alcoholic drink taken as appetizer | AHD/W7 | |
aperture | n | hole, opening, open space | AHD/W7 | |
barbican | n | outer defensive work | AHD/W7 | |
cover | vb | to guard from attack | AHD/W7 | |
coverlet | n | bedspread | AHD/W7 | |
garage | n | shelter/repair shop for automobiles | AHD/W7 | |
garment | n | article of clothing | AHD/W7 | |
garnish | vb.trans | to trim, decorate, embellish | AHD/W7 | |
garniture | n | trimming, embellishment | AHD/W7 | |
garret | n | room/unfinished part of house just under roof | AHD/W7 | |
garrison | n | military post | AHD/W7 | |
guaranty | n | undertaking to remedy another's default/miscarriage | AHD/W7 | |
operculum | n | lid/covering flap | AHD/W7 | |
overt | adj | manifest, open to view | AHD/W7 | |
overture | n | proposal, initiative toward action/agreement | AHD/W7 | |
pert | adj | impudent, saucily free/forward | AHD/W7 | |
warn | vb | to give prior notice of evil/danger | AHD/W7 | |
warrant | n | sanction, authorization | AHD/W7 | |
warrant | vb.trans | to declare/maintain with certainty | AHD/W7 | |
warrantee | n | person to whom warranty is made | AHD/W7 | |
warranty | n | real covenant binding grantor/heirs to warrant/defend title | AHD/W7 | |
warren | n | place for (keeping) small game | AHD/W7 | |
weir | n | fence/enclosure in waterway for fishing | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | wāra | n | trust, care | W7 |
warnōn | vb | to warn, take heed | W7 | |
werēn | vb | to warrant | W7 | |
werēnto | n | guarantor | W7 | |
werien, werren | vb | to defend | W7 | |
Middle High German: | wer | n.masc | weir, dam | ASD |
German: | warnen | vb | to warn, caution | LRC |
Wehr | n.masc | weir, dam | ASD | |
wehren | vb | to defend | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | ver | n.neut | sea, fishing place | W7 |
verja, varði | vb | to defend, protect | LRC | |
Icelandic: | varna | vb | to warn, beware | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | aper(a)tus | vb.ptc | opened | W7 |
aperiens, aperientis | vb.pres.ptc | opening | W7 | |
aperio, aperire | vb | to open | W7 | |
apertura | n.fem | aperture, orifice | W7 | |
cooperio, cooperīre | vb | to open | W7 | |
operculum | n.neut | cover | W7 | |
operiō, operīre | vb | to close, cover | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | operiō, operīre | vb | to open | W7 |
opertura | n.fem | overture; orifice | W7 | |
Late Latin: | apertīvus | n | purgative, aperitif | AHD |
Medieval Latin: | aperitivus | n.masc | aperitif | W7 |
barbacana | n.fem | barbican | W7 | |
New Latin: | operculum | n.neut | covering flap of plant | W7 |
Old French: | aperitif | n | purgative, aperitif | AHD |
apert | vb.ptc | open(ed) | W7 | |
barbacane | n.fem | barbican | W7 | |
garantir | vb | to guarantee | W7 | |
garison | n.fem | garrison, troop of guardians | W7 | |
garnement | n.masc | equipment | W7 | |
garnesture | n.fem | garniture | W7 | |
garnir | vb | to equip | W7 | |
Old North French: | warantie | n.fem | warranty | W7 |
warant(ir) | vb | to warrant | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | coverelyth | n.masc | coverlet | W7 |
Middle French: | aperitif | adj | aperient, re: opening | W7 |
garantie | n.fem | guaranty | W7 | |
garite | n.fem | garret, watchtower | W7 | |
garnement | n.masc | equipment | W7 | |
garnir | vb | to warn, equip; garnish | W7 | |
garniture | n.fem | garniture | W7 | |
o(u)vert | adj | overt, open | W7 | |
ouvrir | vb | to open | W7 | |
overture | n.fem | overture; orifice | W7 | |
French: | apéritif | n.masc | aperient, aperitif | W7 |
couvrir | vb | to cover | W7 | |
garage | n.masc | garage, covered parking | W7 | |
Old Provençal: | garida | n.fem | garret, watchtower, protection | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | varýti, vãro, vãrė | vb | to be engaged | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἐρύκω | vb | to hold back | LRC |
ῥύομαι | vb | to save | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Iranian: | *parivāraka- | adj | protective | AHD |
Persian: | barbār | n | guard | AHD |
barbārkhāna | n | barbican | AHD | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | āmravāṭakaḥ | n | ambarella | AHD |
vāṭaḥ | n | enclosure | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pres | = | present (tense) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |