Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. u̯er- 'to speak, talk formally'
Semantic Field(s): to Speak, Talk
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | word | n.neut | word, speech | LRC |
Middle English: | adverbe | n | adverb | AHD |
proverbe | n | proverb | W7 | |
rethor | n | rhetor | W7 | |
verbe | n | verb | W7 | |
word | n | word | W7 | |
English: | adverb | n | word modifying verb/adjective/other adverb | AHD/W7 |
irony | n | pretense of ignorance to make false conceptions conspicuous | AHD/W7 | |
proverb | n | adage, brief popular maxim/epigram | AHD/W7 | |
rheme | n | expression of single idea/notion | AHD/W2I | |
rhetor | n | rhetorician | AHD/W7 | |
rhetoric | n | art of speaking/writing effectively | W7 | |
rhetorical | adj | re: rhetoric | W7 | |
rhetorician | n | orator, master/teacher of rhetoric | W7 | |
verb | n | word expressing action/occurrence/mode of being | AHD/W7 | |
verve | n | special ability/talent | AHD/W7 | |
word | n | something that is said | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | word | n.neut | word | ASD |
Dutch: | woord | n | word | LRC |
Old Saxon: | word | n.neut | word | ASD |
Old High German: | wort | n.neut | word | ASD/W7 |
German: | Wort | n.neut | word | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | orð | n.neut | word | ASD |
Danish: | ord | n | word | LRC |
Swedish: | ord | n | word | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | waúrd | n.str.neut | word | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adverbium | n.neut | adverb | W7 |
ironia | n.fem | irony | W7 | |
proverbium | n.neut | proverb | W7 | |
rhetorica, rhetoricae | n.fem | rhetoric | LRC | |
verbum, verbi | n.neut | word | LRC | |
Old French: | adverbe | n | adverb | AHD |
Middle French: | adverbe | n.masc | adverb | W7 |
proverbe | n.masc | proverb | W7 | |
verbe | n.masc | speech | W7 | |
French: | verve | n.fem | verve, eloquence, energy in public speaking | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | var̃das | n.masc | name | LRC |
Latvian: | apvārdot, apvārdoju, apvārdoju | vb | to charm | LRC |
vārds | n.masc | word, name | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | εἴρω | vb | to say, speak | LRC |
ῥητήρ | n | rhetor, speaker | LRC | |
Greek: | εἰρέω | vb | to say, speak | LRC |
eirōn | n.masc | dissembler | W7 | |
eirōnia | n.fem | irony | W7 | |
ῥῆμα | n.neut | rheme, saying, that which is said/spoken | LS | |
ῥητορική | n.fem | rhetoric | LRC | |
ῥητορικῶς | adv | like rhetoricians | LRC | |
rhētōr | n.masc | rhetor | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |