Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯(e)rād-, u̯erəd-, u̯rəd- 'root, branch, twig'
Semantic Field(s): Root, Branch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | rædic, rǣdic | n.masc | radish | ASD/W7 |
| rōt | n.fem | root | W7 | |
| wyrt | n.fem | wort | W7 | |
| Middle English: | licorice | n | licorice | W7 |
| radical | adj | radical | W7 | |
| radish | n | radish | W7 | |
| root | n | root | W7 | |
| wort | n | wort | W7 | |
| English: | Blackroot | prop.n | vale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| coleorhiza | n | sheath investing hypocotyl through which roots burst | AHD/W7 | |
| deracinate | vb.trans | to uproot | AHD/W7 | |
| eradicate | vb.trans | to pull up by roots | AHD/W7 | |
| irradicable | adj | deep-rooted, impossible to eradicate | AHD/W7 | |
| licorice | n | European leguminous plant | AHD/W7 | |
| mangel-wurzel | n | large coarse beet (food for cattle) | AHD/W7 | |
| Mugwort | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| mycorrhiza | n | symbiotic association of fungus with plant roots | AHD/W7 | |
| radical | adj | re: root | AHD/W7 | |
| radicle | n | lower part of axis of plant embryo/seedling | AHD/W7 | |
| radish | n | pungent fleshy plant root | AHD/W7 | |
| radix | n | base | AHD/W7 | |
| ramose | adj | having/consisting of branches | AHD/W7 | |
| ramus | n | branch, projecting part, elongated process | AHD/W7 | |
| rhizome | n | elongated horizontal underground plant stem | AHD/W7 | |
| root | n | underground part of seed-plant body | AHD/W7 | |
| rutabaga | n | turnip | AHD/W7 | |
| wort | n | plant, herb | AHD/W7 | |
| wort | n | dilute sugar solution fermented to make beer | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | radijs | n | radish | TLL |
| wortel | n | root | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | wurt | n.fem | root, plant | ASD |
| Old High German: | rātih, retih | n | radish | ASD |
| wurz | n.fem | wort: herb; grass, vegetables | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | retich | n | radish | ASD |
| würze | n | brewer's wort | W7 | |
| German: | Mangelwurzel | n.fem | mangel-wurzel | W7 |
| Mangoldwurzel | n.fem | mangel-wurzel, lit. beet root | W7 | |
| Radieschen | n | radish | TLL | |
| Rettich | n | radish | ASD | |
| Würze | n.fem | wort, flavor, seasoning | LRC | |
| Wurzel | n.fem | root | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rót | n.fem | root | LRC |
| Icelandic: | urt | n.fem | wort: herb | ASD |
| Danish: | radise | n | radish | TLL |
| Swedish: | rot | n | root | W7 |
| rotabagge | n | rutabaga | W7 | |
| rädisa | n | radish | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | waúrts | n.str.fem | root, plant | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | eradicatus | vb.ptc | eradicated | W7 |
| eradico, eradicare | vb | to eradicate, remove roots | W7 | |
| radicula | n.fem.dim | small root | W7 | |
| radius, radii | n.masc | rod, beam | LRC | |
| radix, radicis | n.fem | root | W7 | |
| ramosus | adj | having many branches | W7 | |
| ramus | n.masc | branch | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | liquiritia | n.fem | licorice | W7 |
| radicalis | adj | re: root(s) | W7 | |
| radicina | n.fem | little root | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | irradicabilis | adj | irradicable | W7 |
| New Latin: | coleorhiza | n.fem | coleorhiza | W7 |
| mycorrhiza | n.fem | mycorrhiza | W7 | |
| ramus | n.masc | branch | W7 | |
| rhizoma | n.fem | rhizome | W7 | |
| Middle French: | desraciner | vb | to deracinate | W7 |
| racine | n.fem | root | W7 | |
| French: | déraciner | vb | to deracinate | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ῥίζα | n.fem | root | LRC |
| ῥιζόω | vb | to plant, cause to take root | LRC | |
| Greek: | glykyrrhiza | n.fem | licorice, lit. sweet root | W7 |
| rhizōma | n.fem | mass of roots | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
