Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯erdh-, u̯redh- 'to grow; high'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow, High
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | anorthite | n | reddish/whitish feldspar (in igneous rocks) | AHD/W7 |
| orth(o)- | pfx | straight, upright, vertical | W7 | |
| orthodox | adj | conforming to official doctrine | AHD/W7 | |
| orthogonal | adj | mutually perpendicular | AHD/W7 | |
| orthopedics | n | correction/prevention of skeletal deformities | AHD/W7 | |
| orthotics | n | science re: devices to support/supplement limbs/joints | AHD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | orthogonius | adj | orthogonal, with straigth angles | W7 |
| Late Latin: | orthodoxus | adj | orthodox, following strict beliefs | W7 |
| New Latin: | orthōsis | n | brace, artificial support | AHD |
| Middle French: | orthodoxe | adj | orthodox | W7 |
| orthogonal | adj | orthogonal, with straight angles | W7 | |
| French: | anorthite | n.fem | anorthite | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | roditi, roždǫ, rodiši | vb | to bear, produce | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὀρθός | adj | right, straight, erect, upright | LS |
| ὀρθόω | vb | to rise/raise up straight | LRC | |
| Greek: | orthogōnios | adj | orthogonal, with straight angles | W7 |
| ὀρθότης | n.fem | erectness, upright posture | LS | |
| ὀρθόω | vb | to make straight | LS | |
| Late Greek: | orthodoxos | adj | orthodox, with a right opinion | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
