Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ī̆- 'apart, separate from, in two; both'
Semantic Field(s): to Separate
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wīd | adj | wide, broad | W7 |
| wīde | adv | far, widely | LRC | |
| wiþ | prep | with, along | LRC | |
| wiðer | adv/prep | against | W7 | |
| Middle English: | vice | n | vice, flaw, disorder, deficiency | W7 |
| wide | adj | wide | W7 | |
| with | prep | with, from | W7 | |
| withers | n.pl | withers | W7 | |
| English: | iso- | pfx | same, alike, equal | TLL |
| vice | n | wickedness, moral corruption/depravity | AHD/W7 | |
| vicious | adj | depraved, having nature/quality of vice/immorality | AHD | |
| vitiate | vb.trans | to pollute, contaminate | AHD/W7 | |
| vitiligo | n | skin disorder (with smooth white spots) | AHD/W7 | |
| vituperate | vb.trans | to berate, abuse/censure severely/abusively | AHD/W7 | |
| wide | adj | vast, having great extent | AHD/W7 | |
| wide(ly) | adv | over great extent/distance | W7 | |
| Wídfara | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| with | prep | against, in opposition to | AHD/W7 | |
| withers | n.pl | ridge between shoulder bones of horse/quadruped | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wīd | adj | wide, broad | ASD |
| with | prep | to, towards | ASD | |
| withir | adv/prep | against | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | wīd | adj | wide, broad | ASD |
| wīdo | adv | far, widely | ASD | |
| wið | prep | to, towards | ASD | |
| wiðar | adv/prep | against | ASD | |
| Old High German: | widar | adv/prep | back, against | W7 |
| wīt | adj | wide, broad | W7 | |
| wīto | adv | far, widely | ASD | |
| German: | weit | adj | wide, broad | LRC |
| wider | prep | against | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | við | prep | to, with, against | LRC |
| Icelandic: | við | prep | to, towards | ASD |
| viðr | adv/prep | against | ASD | |
| vīða | adv | far, widely | ASD | |
| víðr | adj | wide, broad | ASD | |
| Danish: | bagved | prep | behind | TLL |
| ved | prep | beside | TLL | |
| Swedish: | vid | adj | wide | TLL |
| vid | prep | beside | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | wiþra | adv/prep | by, near, against | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | vitiatus | vb.ptc | vitiated | W7 |
| vitiligo | n.fem | vitiligo, tetter | W7 | |
| vitio, vitiare | vb | to vitiate | W7 | |
| vitium | n.neut | vice, fault | W7 | |
| vituperatus | vb.ptc | blamed, criticized | W7 | |
| vitupero, vituperāre | vb | to blame, criticize | W7 | |
| Old French: | vice | n.masc | vice, fault | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | vìsas, visà | pron | all, everyone | LRC |
| Latvian: | visi | pron | everyone, everybody | LRC |
| viss | adj/pron | all, everything | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vъtoryi, vъtoroje, vъtoraja | nbr.ord | second | LRC |
| vьsь | adj/pron | all, every; whole | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἴσος | adj | same, alike, equal | TLL |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | vi | adv | apart | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
