Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯et- 'year'
Semantic Field(s): Year
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | feis | n | sow | LRC |
| Old Breton: | guis | n | sow | LRC |
| Cornish: | guis | n | sow | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | bellwether | n | bellwether | W7 |
| veel | n | veal | W7 | |
| wether | n | wether | W7 | |
| English: | bellwether | n | leader, one that takes initiative | AHD/W7 |
| etesian | adj | recurring annually | AHD/W7 | |
| inveterate | adj | firmly established via persistence | AHD/W7 | |
| veal | n | calf (bovine) | AHD/W7 | |
| veteran | n | old/former soldier | AHD/W7 | |
| veterinary | adj | re: art/science of animal medicine | AHD/W7 | |
| vitellus | n | yolk | AHD/W7 | |
| wether | n | ram castrated before sexual maturity | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | widar | n | ram, wether | W7 |
| German: | Widder | n.masc | ram, wether | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | veðr | n | ram, wether | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | wiþrus | n | year-old lamb | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | vituf | n.acc.pl | calves | LRC |
| Latin: | etesius | adj | etesian, re: summer | W7 |
| inveteratus | vb.ptc | untouched by age | W7 | |
| invetero, inveterāre | vb | to age | W7 | |
| veteranus | adj | old, of long experience | W7 | |
| veterīna(e) | n.fem.pl | beasts of burden | W7 | |
| veterīnus | adj | re: beasts of burden | W7 | |
| vetus, veteris | adj | old, aged | W7 | |
| vitellus | n.masc.dim | small calf | W7 | |
| vitulus | n.masc | calf (bovine) | W7 | |
| Middle French: | veel | n.masc | veal | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Lithuanian: | vetušas | adj | old, aged | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vetъčъ | adj | old | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | vit | n | year | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἔτος | n.neut | year | LRC |
| Greek: | etēsios | adj | etesian, re: summer | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | ušša- | n | year | LRC |
| Hieroglyphic Luwian: | usa- | n | year | LRC |
| Hittite: | witt- | n | year | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Sogdian: | wtšnyy | adj | old | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | vatsá- | n | year | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
