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21 Numerals

21.1 The Ordinal Numerals

Ordinal numerals are mostly derived from the corresponding cardinal numerals by adding the suffix -tas,-ta. The formation of pìrmas 'first', añtras 'second' and trẽčias 'third' differs from that of other ordinal numerals. These numerals denote place in a series. They are declined like regular adjectives (cf: pìktas, piktà 'angry') and agree with the word they modify in case, number and gender. The following ordinal numerals are used most frequently:

		Masculine		Feminine
		pìrmas 'first'		pirmà
		añtras 'second'		antrà
		trẽčias 'third'		trečià
		ketvir̃tas 'fourth'		ketvirtà
		peñktas 'fifth'		penktà
		šẽštas 'sixth'		šeštà
		septiñtas 'seventh'		septintà
		aštuñtas 'eighth'		aštuntà
		deviñtas 'ninth'		devintà
		dešim̃tas 'tenth'		dešimtà
		vienúoliktas 'eleventh'		vienúolikta
		dvýliktas 'twelfth'		dvýlikta
		trýliktas 'thirteenth'		trýlikta
		keturióliktas 'fourteenth'		keturiólikta
		penkióliktas 'fifteenth'		penkiólikta
		šešióliktas 'sixteenth'		šešiólikta
		septynióliktas 'seventeenth'		septyniólikta
		aštuonióliktas 'eighteenth'		aštuoniólikta
		devynióliktas 'nineteenth'		devyniólikta
		dvidešim̃tas 'twentieth'		dvidešimtà
		trisdešim̃tas 'thirtieth'		trisdešimtà
		keturiasdešim̃tas 'fortieth'		keturiasdešimtà
		penkiasdešim̃tas 'fiftieth'		penkiasdešimtà
		šešiasdešim̃tas 'sixtieth'		šešiasdešimtà
		septyniasdešim̃tas 'seventieth'		septyniasdešimtà
		aštuoniasdešim̃tas 'eightieth'		aštuoniasdešimtà
		devyniasdešim̃tas 'ninetieth'		devyniasdešimtà

Ordinal numerals possess definite forms which are similar to the adjectives of the first declension (cf: naũjas 'new', naujà), e.g., pirmàsis 'the first', pirmóji; antràsis 'the second', antróji; trečiàsis 'the third', trečióji, etc.:

• Paũlius bùvo trečiàsis vaĩkas màno brólio šeimojè
• 'Paulius was the third child in my brother's family'.
• Rytój Violetà šveñčia sàvo šešióliktąjį gimtãdienį
• 'Tomorrow Violeta is celebrating her sixteenth birthday'.

Definite ordinal numerals are used to designate dates, e.g.:

• Taĩ įvỹko tū́kstantis penkì šimtaĩ kẽturiasdešimt septintaĩsiais
• 'That happened in one thousand five hundred and forty-seven'.

In a compound ordinal number only the final element has the form of an ordinal numeral and is declined. The other elements remain in the nominative case, e.g.:

Nom.		penkì šimtaĩ trìsdešimt ketvir̃tas tãškas 'the five hundred thirty fourth point.'
Gen.		penkì šimtaĩ trìsdešimt ketvir̃to tãško
Dat.		penkì šimtaĩ trìsdešimt ketvirtám tãškui
Acc.		penkì šimtaĩ trìsdešimt ketvir̃tą tãšką, etc.

They also have a neuter form, e.g., pìrmas 'first': pìrma; añtras 'second': añtra; peñktas 'fifth': peñkta, etc.:

Pìrma, bū́tina atsikélti aštuñtą vãlandą rýto; añtra, paskam̃binti į̃ aeroúostą; trẽčia, susikráuti lagamìną... 'First, it is necessary to get up at eight in the morning; second, to call the airport; third, to pack the suitcase...'

21.2 Fractions

In mathematics such forms as vienà antróji 'one-half', dvì trẽčiosios 'two-thirds', trỹs peñktosios 'three fifths' are used. The numerator is a feminine cardinal number and the denominator is a feminine ordinal number in the definite form. The denominator always agrees with dalìs 'part' in gender, although the word dalìs does not appear in any fraction. When the numerator is a numeral from 1 to 9 the denominator agrees with the numerator in gender, number and case, e.g., Padalìnk ìš dviejų̃ trečių̃jų 'Divide by two-thirds'. When the numerator is any other numeral (except from 1 to 9), the denominator is always in the genitive plural, e.g., Vienúolikos dvidešimtų̃jų neįmãnoma suprãstinti 'It is impossible to simplify eleven-twentieths'.

Parts of things are most often indicated by compound numerals. Their first component is the root of an ordinal numeral, and the second component is the noun dalìs 'part'. They are listed below:

trẽčdalis 'one third': trẽčdalis pasáulio 'one-third of the world'; ketvirtãdalis 'one fourth': ketvirtãdalis valandõs 'one-fourth of an hour'; penktãdalis 'one fifth': penktãdalis studeñtų 'one-fifth of the students'; šeštãdalis 'one sixth': šeštãdalis augalų̃ 'one-sixth of the plants'; septintãdalis 'one seventh': septintãdalis ligónių 'one-seventh of the patients'; aštuntãdalis 'one eighth': aštuntãdalis gãtvių 'one-eighth of the streets'; devintãdalis 'one ninth': devintãdalis Euròpos 'one-ninth of Europe'; dešimtãdalis 'one tenth': dešimtãdalis paskolõs 'one-tenth of a loan'.

All these numerals are declined like the nouns of the first declension (cf: brólis). Fractions vienà antróji 'one-half' and vienà ketvirtóji are often replaced by the feminine noun pùsė 'half' and the masculine noun ketvir̃tis 'quarter' respectively, e.g.:

• Láukiau tavę̃s pùsę valandõs 'I was waiting for you a half an hour'.
• Mẽs prarãdome ketvir̃tį milijõno 'We have lost a quarter of a million'.

There is a group of numerals the first component of which is the root of the noun pùsė 'half' and the second component of which is an ordinal numeral in the genitive, e.g.:

		Masc. sing.		Fem. sing.		Plural
		pusañtro 'one and a half'		pusantrõs		pusantrų̃
		pustrẽčio 'two and a half'		pustrečiõs		pustrečių̃
		pusketvir̃to 'three and a half'		pusketvirtõs		pusketvirtų̃
		puspeñkto 'four and a half'		puspenktõs		puspenktų̃
		pusšẽšto 'five and a half'		pusšeštõs		pusšeštų̃
		pusseptiñto 'six and a half'		pusseptintõs		pusseptintų̃
		pusaštuñto 'seven and a half'		pusaštuntõs		pusaštuntų̃
		pusdeviñto 'eight and a half'		pusdevintõs		pusdevintų̃
		pusdešim̃to 'nine and a half'		pusdešimtõs		pusdešimtų̃

• Žadù nusipir̃kti pustrečiõs tònos kviečių̃ 'I intend to buy two and a half tons of wheat'.
• Kur̃ tù buvaĩ pusantrõs saváitės? 'Where were you for a week and a half?'

22 Reflexive Verbs and Verbal Prefixes

22.1 The Reflexive Verbs

The reflexive verbs in Lithuanian can be divided into two groups: simple reflexive verbs where the reflexive particle -si or -s is added at the end and compound reflexive verbs where the reflexive particle -si is inserted between the prefix and the verb proper. To this group also belong all reflexive verbs in their negative forms. The negative particle ne is treated in such cases as a prefix, e.g., jis kartójasi 'he repeats himself', jìs nesikartója 'he does not repeat himself'. In the latter group, the conjugation of the basic verb does not change at all, only the -si- is inserted.

It is a little more difficult to learn the simple reflexive verbs. Certain changes occur both in the endings of these verbs and the reflexive particle -si:

		Present		Preterit		Preterit Frequentative
1st sg		gailiúosi 'I regret'		gailė́jausi 'I regretted'		gailė́davausi 'I used to regret'
2nd sg		gailíesi		gailė́jaisi		gailė́davaisi
3rd sg		gaĩlisi		gailė́josi		gailė́davosi
1st pl		gaĩlimės		gailė́jomės		gailė́davomės
2nd pl		gaĩlitės		gailė́jotės		gailė́davotės
3rd pl		gaĩlisi		gailė́josi		gailė́davosi

		Future		Subjunctive		Imperative
1st sg		gailė́siuosi 'I will regret'		gailė́čiausi 'I would regret'
2nd sg		gailė́siesi		gailė́tumeisi		gailė́kis 'regret'
3rd sg		gailė́sis		gailė́tųsi
1st pl		gailė́simės		gailė́tu(mė)mės		gailė́kimės
2nd pl		gailė́sitės		gailė́tumėtės		gailė́kitės
3rd pl		gailė́sis		gailė́tųsi

In present and future the first person singular endings -u and -iu are replaced by -uo- and -iuo- respectively and the second person singular ending -i is replaced by -ie-. In the first and second plural, instead of -si, only -s is added, and the short final -e of these forms is replaced by -ė. The third person future has the shortened variant of the reflexive particle. Also there is an -i- inserted after the consonant s. In the imperative the longer suffix -ki is retained.

The stress pattern is the same as in the non-reflexive verbs.

The reflexive particle may change the verbal meaning in a variety of ways, cf:

• Vakarè išmáudžiau vaikùs, po to išsimaudžiau pats 'In the evening I bathed the children, later I took a bath myself'.
• Vìskas pasìkeitė jíems čia apsigyvẽnus. Butè jiẽ pàkeitė visùs senùs baldùs 'Everything changed when they moved here. They changed all the old furniture in the apartment'.
• Jám visadà sunkù valdýti sàvo emòcijas, tačiau vãkar jìs vis dėlto pàjėgė susivalýti 'It is always difficult for him to control his emotions, but yesterday he was nevertheless able to control himself'.
• Čià jìs šaũkia gýdytoją, čià šaũkiasi Diẽvo malónės Sometimes he calls for a doctor, sometimes he cries for the grace of God'.

A number of reflexive verbs are unrelated to any underlying verb (reflexiva tantum), e.g., el̃gtis 'to behave', juõktis 'to laugh', didžiúotis 'to be proud of', pasiìlgti 'to miss', drovė́tis 'to be shy', teiráutis 'to inquire', etc.

22.2 Verbal Prefixes

The system of word formation with verbal prefixes is highly developed in Lithuanian. Prefixes may change or modify the meaning of the verb. The addition of a prefix usually renders the verb perfective.

The most common prefixes in Lithuanian are the following: ap- (api-), at-, (ati-), į-, iš-, nu-, pa-, par-, per-, pra-, pri-, su-, už-. Several examples of common prefixes with a few of the ordinary meanings are given below.

at- (ati-) may denote:

• arrival, coming to a certain place, e.g., atvažiúoti 'to come', atnèšti 'to bring';
• separation or division or removal, e.g., atkir̃sti 'to cut off', atskìrti 'to separate', 'to detach';
• return to an original position, e.g., atáugti 'to grow back', 'to grow again', atgìmti 'to be reborn', 'to be revived';
• the completion of an action, e.g., atpìgti 'to become cheap', to fall in price', atbùkti 'to become blunt'.

į- may denote:

• motion into a place or an object, e.g., įskrìsti 'fly in'; įnèšti 'bring in, carry in';
• the beginning of an action which is carried out only to a slight degree, e.g., įkir̃pti 'to cut a little bit', 'to cut into something', įtrū́kti 'get slightly broken';
• completion of an action, e.g., įtìkinti 'to persuade', įvýkdyti 'to carry out, to complete';
• it also may be used with verbs formed from nouns or adjectives, e.g., įámžinti 'to immortalize' (cf: ámžinas 'eternal'), įpareigóti 'to oblige', 'to bind' (cf: pareigà 'duty', 'obligation').

iš- may denote:

• motion out of something, e.g., išskrìsti 'to fly out', išnèšti 'to carry out', 'to take out';
• the action covering the entire area or whole series of objects, e.g., išbarstýti 'spill', 'to scatter', išžudýti 'to exterminate';
• an action lasting for a certain length of time, e.g., išláukti 'to wait for a certain length of time', išbū́ti 'to stay', 'to remain for a certain length of time';
• completion or fulfilment of an action, e.g., išlõšti 'to win', išskal̃bti 'to wash', 'to launder'.

nu- may denote:

• motion away from something or some place, e.g., nuvažiúoti 'to go to (away)', 'to depart to', nubė́gti 'to run away';
• motion downwards, e.g., nukrìsti 'fall down', 'fall off', nušókti 'to jump down';
• severance from the main part of an object, e.g., nulíeti 'to pour off', nupjáuti 'to cut off';
• completion of an action to the very end, e.g., nuskandìnti 'to drown', 'to sink'.

pa- may denote:

• the complection of an action, e.g., pasakýti 'to say', 'to tell', pastatýti 'to build', 'to construct';
• a short duration of an action, e.g., paskal̃bti 'to wash for a little while', panèšti 'to carry for a little bit';
• that something is put under something else, e.g., padė́ti 'to put under', 'to lay under', palį̃sti 'to creep under';
• the ability or capacity to perform a certain action, e.g., pastùmti 'to be able to push' panèšti 'to be able to carry'.

per- may denote:

• motion across or through something, e.g., pérnešti 'to carry across', pérlįsti 'creep through', 'to get through';
• separation or division, e.g., pérpjauti 'to cut into two', pérlaužti 'to break into two';
• the repetition or the renewal of an action, e.g., pérskaičiuoti 'to count again' pérskalbti 'to wash again';
• exceeding of the norm or going beyond a certain limit, e.g., pérmokėti 'to overpay' pérsidirbti 'to overwork'.

pra- may denote:

• movement by or past some place, e.g., praskrìsti 'to fly by', 'to fly past', pravažiúoti 'to drive past', 'to ride past';
• movement through something or some place, e.g., praláužti 'to break through', prapjáuti 'to cut through';
• disappearance, loss or lack of something, e.g., pradiñgti 'to disappear', praválgyti 'to eat away (one's money);
• the passage of a certain length of time in some activity, e.g., praláukti 'to spend a certain time waiting for', pragalvóti 'to think for a certain length of time'.

su- may denote:

• gathering together or a coming-together, e.g., sunèšti 'to bring together', suvažiúoti 'to come together';
• dissection or division into parts, e.g., suláužyti 'to break into parts', sutrùpinti 'to crumble';
• the attainment of the goal or the aim, e.g., suràsti 'to find' (what one has lost)', susèkti 'to trace down, to find out'.

už- may denote:

• the direction up, e.g., užnèšti 'to carry up', to bring up', užlìpti 'to climb up', 'to mount', 'to ascend';
• that something is put on something else, e.g., uždeñgti 'to cover', užpìlti 'to strew on', 'to fill up', 'to cover with';
• putting something behind something else or going behind something, e.g., užstatýti 'to place behind', užtámsinti 'to shade';
• the completion of an action, e.g., užmokė́ti 'to pay', užkùrti 'to light up', 'to set fire to'.

Many verbal prefixes modify the meaning of the verb or show a distinct direction, e.g., mèsti 'to throw', 'to hurl', ' to chuck', apmesti 'to throw with', 'to cover with', atmèsti 'to throw off', 'to cast away', įmèsti 'to throw in', 'to cast in' išmèsti 'to throw out', numèsti 'to throw down', 'to fling down', 'to drop', , 'to throw off', 'to cast off', 'to throw far away', 'to cast far away', pamèsti 'to throw under', ' to throw a little', 'to toss a little', parmèsti 'to throw down', 'to bring down', pérmesti 'to throw over', 'to throw across', pramèsti 'to throw past', 'to miss in throwing' primesti 'to throw (full, a quantity of)', 'to heap up', 'to cast (full, a quantity of)', 'to heap up', 'to fill', 'to throw about', sumèsti 'to throw into', 'to throw together' 'to pile', 'to heap', užmèsti 'to throw on', 'to throw over', 'to fling on', 'to throw behind'.

But in some few cases the prefix can change the real verbal meaning or give to the verb an opposite meaning dúoti 'to give', pardúoti 'to sell', laimė́ti 'to win', pralaimė́ti 'to lose', prìmesti 'to press on', 'to thrust on', 'to impute to', sumèsti 'to understand', count up', etc.

Some verbs may have practically the same meaning with either of two prefixes, e.g., išnỹkti, pranỹkti 'to disappear', išgýti, pagýti 'to recover', 'to get better', etc. The prefix does not give a new meaning to some verbs and therefore the verb means practically the same thing with or without the prefix, e.g., baĩgti, pabaĩgti, užbaĩgti 'to finish' grį̃žti, sugrį̃žti 'to return', etc.

The correct usage of prefixes may cause a major problem for foreign learners.

In the clause prefixes correlate with corresponding prepositions: ap- and apiẽ 'about','off'; į- and į̃ 'in', 'into', 'to'; iš- and ìš 'from', 'out of'; nu- and nuõ 'from', 'off', 'down'; pa- and põ 'in', 'about', etc.; per- and per̃ 'through', 'across', etc.; pra- and prõ 'through', 'by'; pri- and priẽ 'at', 'by', etc.; su- and sù 'with'; už- and ùž 'behind', 'beyond', e.g.:

• Jiẽ išvažiãvo ìš namų̃ ankstì rýtą 'They left their home early in the morning'.
• Vidùrdienį mẽs pérsikėlėm per̃ ùpę 'At midday we crossed the river'.
• Automobìlis nuslydo nuõ kẽlio 'The car slid off the road'.

23 The Passive and Reflexive Participles

23.1 The Passive Participles

In Lithuanian the present passive participle and the past passive participle are more common than the future passive participle which is relatively rare. The forms of the so-called 'participles of necessity' are also passive. The present and past passive participles may be used either to form the passive voice of various tenses or they may be used attributively like adjectives.

The Present Passive Participle.

The present passive participle is formed by adding the endings -mas, -ma to the third person present of the finite verbs, e.g.:

nom.sg.masc.		mýli '(he) loves + -mas = mýlimas 'beloved';
nom.sg.fem.		mýli '(she) loves + -ma = mylimà 'beloved'.

The declension of the present passive participle is given below (cf: the adjectives pìktas, piktà 'angry'):

		Masculine		Feminine
Nom sg		mýlimas 'beloved'		mylimà
Gen sg		mýlimo		mylimõs
Dat sg		mylimám		mýlimai
Acc sg		mýlimą		mýlimą
Inst sg		mýlimu		mýlima
Loc sg		mylimamè		mylimojè
		mylimam̃		mylimõj
Nom pl		mylimì		mýlimos
Gen pl		mylimų̃		mylimų̃
Dat pl		mylimíems		mylimóms
		mylimíem		mylimóm
Acc pl		mýlimus		mýlimas
Inst pl		mylimaĩs		mylimomìs
				mylimõm
Loc pl		mylimuosè		mylimosè
		mylimuõs

The definite forms of the present passive participles can frequently be used as nouns, e.g.:

• Válgomasis bùvo pìlnas žmonių̃ 'The dining-room was full of people'.
• Nepažįstamóji pasisiū́lė padė́ti 'The stranger offered her help'.

Other definite participles (active and passive) may also be used in nominal positions, e.g.:

• Láukiantieji priẽ dùrų ìma nerimáuti 'The people waiting at the door start to worry'.
• Kalbė́jusieji staigà nutìlo ir̃ suklùso 'The people who were speaking suddenly hushed and pricked up their ears'.
• Kviestíeji neatvỹko 'The invitees did not come'.

The Past Passive Participle.

The past passive participle is formed by removing the infinitive ending -ti and adding the -tas, -ta, e.g.:

• masc.nom.sg.: mylė́-ti 'to love' + -tas = mylė́tas 'loved, having been loved';
• fem.nom.sg.: mylė́-ti 'to love' + -ta = mylė́ta 'loved, having been loved'.

The paradigm is as follows:

		Masculine		Feminine
Nom sg		mylė́tas 'having been loved'		mylė́ta
Gen sg		mylė́to		mylė́tos
Dat sg		mylė́tam		mylė́tai
Acc sg		mylė́tą		mylė́tą
Inst sg		mylė́tu		mylė́ta
Loc sg		mylė́tam(e)		mylė́toj(e)
Nom pl		mylė́ti		mylė́tos
Gen pl		mylė́tų		mylė́tų
Dat pl		mylė́tiem(s)		mylė́tom(s)
Acc pl		mylė́tus		mylė́tas
Inst pl		mylė́tais		mylė́tomis
Loc pl		mylė́tuos(e)		mylė́tose

The Future Passive Participle.

The future passive participle is formed by adding the endings -mas, -ma to the second person singular of the future tense, e.g.:

masc.nom.sg.		bū́si 'you (sg) will be' + -mas = bū́simas;
fem.nom.sg.		bū́si 'you (sg) will be' + -ma = būsimà.

Except for the participle bū́simas, būsimà, future passive participles are rarely used. Future passive participles are declined like present passive participles:

• Àš vìs atidėliójau tą̃ sàvo bū́simą susitikìmą
• 'I kept putting off my forthcoming meeting'.

The Participle of Necessity.

The participle of necessity is formed by adding the endings -nas, -na to the verbal infinitive, e.g.:

masc.nom.sg.		vartóti 'to use' + -nas = vartótinas 'which should be used';
fem.nom.sg.		vartóti 'to use' + -na = vartótina 'which should be used'.

The participle of necessity denotes an action which should be performed or is worthy of being performed, e.g.:

• Šìs atmiñtinas susitikìmas įvỹko priẽš peñkerius metùs 'This memorable meeting took place five years ago'.
• Reĩkia ieškóti išeitiẽs ìš tokiõs apverktinõs situãcijos 'It is necessary to seek a way out of such a lamentable situation'.

The most frequent forms, however, do not bear any of the meaning of necessity and function merely as verbal adjectives.

23.2 The Reflexive Participles

The participles can also be reflexive. The reflexive active participles without prefixes are formed by adding the reflexive particle to the ending of the nominative case. The reflexive particle -s is added to the end of the simple particle in the singular and -si to the plural. In the masculine singular there is an -i- inserted between the participle and the final -s of the ending.

Present active participles:

Nom.sg.masc.		gydą̃s-is 'curing, healing'
Nom.sg.fem.		gýdanti-s
Nom.pl.masc.		gydą̃si

Past active participles:

Nom.sg.masc.		gýdęs-is
Nom.sg.fem.		gýdžiusi-s
Nom.pl.masc.		gýdę-si

These participles are used only in the masculine and feminine singular and the masculine plural, e.g.:

• Sãko, kàd jìs šiuõ metù gydą̃sis nuõ plaũčių uždegìmo 'They say, now he is being treated for pneumonia'.
• Nustók tikė́jęsis stebùklo 'Stop waiting for a miracle'.

If the verb is prefixed, than the reflexive particle -si- is inserted after the prefix, but before the root of the verb. Then all of the cases of the participle may be used, e.g., present active participle: nom.sg.masc. besigydą̃s, besigýdantis, gen.sg.masc. besigýdančio, dat.sg.masc. besigýdančiam, etc.; past active participle: išsigýdęs, išsigýdžiusio, išsigýdžiusiam, etc.:

• Gãtvė bùvo pilnà besilìnksminančių žmonių̃ 'The street was full of celebrating people'.
• Pasidžiaũgęs gerà žinià pàkviečiau pùsbrolį išgérti kavõs 'Having rejoiced at the good news, I invited my cousin to take a cup of coffee'.

The masculine and feminine forms of reflexive passive participles are created only from prefixed verbs, e.g.: išsìperkamas, 'being redeemed', išsiperkamà, išsìpirktas, '(having been) redeemed' išsipirktà:

• Atsìnešto maĩsto jíems neužtẽko nė̃ dvíem dienóms
• Food brought with them was not enough even for two days'.

The neuter forms of reflexive passive participles can be formed both from prefixed and non-prefixed verbs, e.g., kal̃bamasi, pasìkalbama '(being) spoken of, about '; kalbė́tasi, pasikalbḗta '(having been) spoken of, about'':

• Jų̃ kalbė́tasi apiẽ tolèsnio bendradarbiãvimo perspektyvàs
• 'They spoke among themselves about perspectives for further collaboration'.

The reflexive half-participles and gerunds are formed in the same way as the active participles.

24 The Compound Tenses of the Active Voice

Compound tenses are formed with the finite forms of the auxiliary bū́ti 'to be' and the present or past active or passive participle. Compound tenses containing active participles belong to the active voice, and those containing passive participles belong to the passive voice.

Compound forms with a present active participle form compound continuative tenses and moods, and those with a present passive participle form compound imperfect tenses and moods. Compound forms containing past active or passive participle are used as compound active or passive perfect tenses and moods.

24.1 Continuative Tenses

The past, the past frequentative and the future tense of the verb bū́ti 'to be' may be used with the appropriate form of the present active participle (prefixed with be-) to express an action which is not, or could not be completed. These forms are somewhat similar in meaning to the various progressive tenses of English. There are no present tense continuative forms in modern Lithuanian. The compound past continuative is most frequently used. A sample paradigm with the past tense is given below:

		Masculine		Feminine
1st sg		àš buvaũ beperką̃s 'I was buying'		àš buvaũ bèperkanti
2nd sg		tù buvaĩ beperką̃s 'you were buying'		tù buvaĩ bèperkanti
3rd sg		jìs bùvo beperką̃s 'he was buying'		jì bùvo bèperkanti
1st pl		mẽs bùvom(e) beperką̃ 'we were buying'		mẽs bùvom(e) bèperkančios
2nd pl		jū̃s bùvot(e) beperką̃ 'you were buying'		jū̃s bùvot(e) bèperkančios
3rd pl		jiẽ bùvo beperką̃ 'they were buying'		jõs bùvo bèperkančios

The number and gender of the participle are always the same as the number and gender of the subject. The participle is always in the nominative case to agree with the subject of the verb which is also in the nominative case, e.g.:

• Buvaũ jaũ bèperkanti tą̃ kerãminę vãzą, bèt paskutìnę minùtę pastebė́jau, kàd jì įtrū́kusi 'I was already buying that ceramic vase but at the last minute I saw that it had slightly broken.
• Rytõj tókiu pàt laikù jìs jaũ bùs bekeliáująs namõ 'Tomorrow at the same time he will be already travelling home'.

24.2 Perfect Tenses

Compound perfect tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb bū́ti 'to be' and the past active participle. Bū́ti is used in one of its finite forms. Compound perfect forms occur in the present, past, past frequentative and future of the indicative mood and also in the subjunctive and imperative.

As in English the present perfect tense denotes the present state which is the result of a past action. It may not, however, denote a past action continuing into the present as does the English perfect tense, cf:

• Šiojè į́monėje jì dìrba jaũ penkiólika mẽtų
• 'She has been working in this company for fifteen years'.

In this case the English perfect tense is translated with a Lithuanian present tense.

The present perfect tense is formed with the present conjugation of the verb bū́ti and the form of the past active participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:

		Masculine		Feminine
1st sg		àš esù pir̃kęs 'I have bought'		àš esù pir̃kusi
2nd sg		tù esì pir̃kęs 'you have bought'		tù esì pir̃kusi
3rd sg		jìs yrà pir̃kęs 'he has bought'		jì yrà pir̃kusi
1st pl		mẽs ẽsam(e) pir̃kę 'we have bought'		mẽs ẽsam(e) pir̃kusios
2nd pl		jū̃s ẽsat(e) pir̃kę 'you have bought'		jū̃s ẽsat(e) pir̃kusios
3rd pl		jiẽ yrà pir̃kę 'they have bought'		jõs yrà pir̃kusios

• Kẽletą kar̃tų ir̃ àš esù pažeĩdusi eĩsmo taisyklès 'I too have violated traffic regulations several times'.
• Jiẽ niekadà nėrà bùvę tokiamè gūdžiamè miškè 'They have never been in such a gloomy forest'.

The pluperfect tense is formed with the preterit of the verb bū́ti plus the past active participle. The gender and number of the participle depend upon the gender and number of the subject. A sample paradigm is given below:

		Masculine		Feminine
1st sg		àš buvaũ pir̃kęs 'I had bought'		àš buvaũ pir̃kusi
2nd sg		tù buvaĩ pir̃kęs 'you had bought'		t̀u buvaĩ pir̃kusi
3rd sg		jìs bùvo pir̃kęs 'he had bought'		jì bùvo pir̃kusi
1st pl		mẽs bùvom(e) pir̃kę 'we had bought'		mẽs bùvom(e) pir̃kusios
2nd pl		jū̃s bùvot(e) pir̃kę 'you had bought'		jū̃s bùvot(e) pir̃kusios
3rd pl		jiẽ bùvo pir̃kę 'they had bought'		jõs bùvo pir̃kusios

This tense denotes a state which had been attained in the past. It may have been completed either during the time when another action took place or prior to the time another action took place:

• Kaĩ mẽs atvažiãvom, seser̃s šeimà jaũ bùvo išvỹkusi atostogáuti 'When we came my sister's family had already left for vacation'.
• Ingridà sugebė́jo iškèpti vìštą, kõl svečiai atė̃jo 'Ingrida was able to fry a chicken before the guests came'.

The frequentative perfect tense is a compound tense formed with the frequentative past of the verb bū́ti plus the past active participle:

		Masculine		Feminine
1st sg		àš bū́davau pir̃kęs		àš bū́davau pir̃kusi
2nd sg		tù bū́davai pir̃kęs		tù bū́davai pir̃kusi
3rd sg		jìs bū́davo pir̃kęs		jì bū́davo pir̃kusi
1st pl		mẽs bū́davom(e) pir̃kę		mẽs bū́davom(e) pir̃kusios
2nd pl		jū̃s bū́davot(e) pir̃kę		jū̃s bū́davot(e) pir̃kusios
3rd pl		jiẽ bū́davo pir̃kę		jõs bū́davo pir̃kusios

This tense denotes a state which was attained at different times in the past:

• Mẽs jaũ bū́davom papietãvę, kai į̃ válgomąjį įžeñgdavo jì
• 'We had already finished having dinner when(ever) she entered the dinning-room'.

The future perfect tense is formed with the future tense of the verb bū́ti plus the appropriate form of the past active participle. The gender and number of the participle depend upon the gender and the number of the subject. A sample conjugation is given below:

		Masculine		Feminine
1st sg		àš bū́siu pir̃kęs 'I will have bought'		àš bū́siu pir̃kusi
2nd sg		tù bū́si pir̃kęs 'you will have bought'		tù bū́si pir̃kusi
3rd sg		jìs bùs pir̃kęs 'he will have bought'		jì bùs pir̃kusi
1st pl		mẽs bū́sim(e) pir̃kę 'we will have bought'		mẽs bū́sim(e) pir̃kusios
2nd pl		jū̃s bū́sit(e) pir̃kę 'you will have bought'		jū̃s bū́sit(e) pir̃kusios
3rd pl		jiẽ bùs pir̃kę 'they will have bought'		jõs bùs pir̃kusios

The future perfect tense may express an action which will have taken place before another future action takes place. It may also express a condition or state which will last some time in the future as the result of a future action. Sometimes it expresses the probability that an event has taken place, e.g.:

• Jéi tù mán skam̃binsi deviñtą vãlandą rýto, àš jaũ bū́siu išė̃jusi į̃ dárbą 'If you call me at nine in the morning, I will have gone to work'.
• Kai ateĩs ruduõ, mẽs nãmą jaũ bū́sim pastãtę 'When autumn comes we will have built the house'.
• Turbū́t Rasà bùs nuė̃jusi miegóti 'Rasa probably must have gone (somewhere) to sleep'.

In English we must use the present tense after 'when', even if a future time is implied. Since this rule does not apply to Lithuanian the future tense must be used when a future time is specified.

The compound tenses of the active voice also occur in the subjunctive and imperative, e.g., bū́tų beperką̃s; bū́k beperką̃; bū́tų pir̃kęs; bū́k pir̃kęs, e.g.:

• Simonà bū́tų pir̃kusi, jéi bū́tų turė́jusi pinigų̃
• 'Simona would have bought (something), if she had had some money'.

25 Use of the Nominative, Genitive and Dative

All case forms, with the exception of the nominative, dative and locative, may occur either alone or with prepositions. They usually depend on the verbs.

25.1 Nominative

The nominative does not depend on any other word in a clause. Its closest "partner" is a verb. It functions mostly as a subject or predicative complement, e.g.:

• Sáulė yrà mil̃žiniška žvaigždė̃
• 'The sun is a large star'.

The nominative case is also used in certain time expressions, e.g.:

• Jaũ kelì mẽtai vãsaros bū̃na šáltos 'It is already a few years that summers have been cold'.
• Kàs minùtė viduñ įžeñgdavo naũjas klieñtas 'Every minute a new client would come in'.

The accusative, however, is more common under these circumstances in modern Lithuanian.

25.2 Genitive

When not governed by a preposition nouns in the genitive are mostly used as objects or as modifiers. Certain verbs require the direct object in the genitive case rather than in the accusative, e.g., ieškóti, 'to look for', 'to seek'; norė́ti 'to wish', 'to want'; láukti 'to wait for'; mókytis 'to study', etc.:

• Jìs visuomèt nóri didžiáusio ką́snio 'He always wants the biggest piece'.
• Daũgelis amerikiẽčių íeško sàvo šaknų̃ Euròpoje 'Many Americans look for their roots in Europe'.
• Láukiame ìš tavę̃s gerų̃ žinių̃ 'We are waiting for good news from you'.

The genitive is used as the direct object of a negated verb, e.g.:

• Jì nevairúoja automobìlio (cf: Jì vairúoja automobìlį)
• 'She does not drive a car' (cf: She drives a car').

The object of an infinitive which is in turn the object of a negated verb may be in the genitive case, e.g.:

• Jì nenóri atidúoti jíems didžiáusio ką́snio
• 'She does not want to let them have the biggest piece'.

The word ką́snis 'piece' is in the genitive case although it is the direct object of atidúoti, not nóri 'wants'.

In order to express an indefinite amount or quantity the genitive may be used where either the nominative or accusative would otherwise be required, e.g.:

• Sutikaũ ir̃ blogų̃ žmonių̃ 'I have also met some bad people'.
• Vakarè atvažiãvo draugų̃ 'In the evening some friends came'.
• Kiekvíenas tùrime ýdų 'Everybody has some faults'.

The genitive may be used as a nominal object of an infinitive which follows a verb of motion. In this case it has the meaning of purpose, e.g.:

• Grįžaũ daiktų̃ pasiim̃ti 'I came back to take (my) things'.
• Mẽs važiúojam pir̃kti šaldytùvo 'We are going (somewhere) to buy a refrigerator''.

The verbs pasiim̃ti 'to take' and pir̃kti are transitive verbs and must take a direct object in the accusative case under most other circumstances.

The genitive is used with certain nouns and adverbs of quantity, e.g., kilogrãmas jáutienos 'a kilo of beef'; puodẽlis kavos 'a cup of coffee', daũg mẽdžių 'many trees'; mažaĩ ežerų̃ 'few lakes'.

When the genitive case is used to show possession the noun in the genitive cases is usually placed before the object possessed, e.g., brólio nãmas 'brother's house'; móters pir̃štai 'the woman's fingers'.

Many prepositions require the genitive case. The most common prepositions used with genitive are as follows:

		Añt 'on':		Nesėdė́k añt láiptų - péršalsi
				'Do not sit on the stairs, you will get a cold'.
		Bè 'without':		Dalìs žmonių̃ negãli išgyvénti bè valstýbės paramõs
				'Some people can't survive without support from the government'.
		Dė̃l 'through', 'because of', 'due to':		Skrỹdis bùvo atidė́tas dė̃l rū̃ko
				'The flight has been cancelled due to fog'.
		Ìš 'out of', away from':		Ìš kam̃bario sklìdo triùkšmas
				'The noise came from the room'.
		Nuõ 'from', away from':		Nuõ sáulės slė̃pėmės põ dìdeliu medžiù
				'We were hidden from the sun under the big tree'.
		Ikì (ligì) 'to', 'up to', 'until':		Ikì vãkaro dažýti síenų nespė́sim baĩgti
				'We will not able to finish painting the walls until the evening'.
		Priẽ 'by', 'at', 'at the side of',		Kviẽsk visùs sė́sti priẽ stãlo
		'in the presence of':		'Ask all (the guests) to sit down at the table'.

25.3 Dative

The primary function of the dative is that of the indirect object, e.g.:

• Pagaliaũ jìs mán pasãkė teisýbę 'At last he told (to) me the truth'.
• Šią̃ knỹgą paskýriau sàvo senẽliams 'I dedicated this book to my grandparents'.

In many cases, Lithuanian uses the indirect object where in English one uses expressions such as: 'for', 'for the sake of', etc.:

• Draugaĩ Tòmui nupir̃ko šùnį
• 'Friends bought a dog for Thomas'.

The dative may also denote the subject of an impersonal clause, e.g.:

• Mán trū́ksta išmintiẽs 'I lack wisdom'.
• Jíem bùvo gẽra 'It was nice for both of them'.

The dative case may be used as the object of an infinitive to express purpose. In English we would have a direct object in a corresponding construction, e.g.:

• Keliõnei nusipirkaũ naũją lagamìna 'I have bought a new suitcase for the journey'.
• Kománda reñgėsi revánšui 'The team was preparing for the return game'.

It quite often indicates time, e.g.:

• Sugrįžaũ tìk kelióms dienóms 'I came back only for a few days'.
• Akìmirkai mẽs prarãdome žãdą 'For a moment we were deprived of speech'.

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