New Testament Greek Online
Lesson 8
Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum
An account of the resurrection is included in all four gospels. That in the book of St. John is the most personal. In describing how the disciples reacted to the report of Mary Magdelene that the tomb was empty, John identifies himself as the author both through omitting the name of the disciple who accompanied Peter, and also through reporting that he outstripped the older man in arriving at the tomb. The account in St. Matthew did not include this episode, but expands on the role of Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary," besides reporting the reaction of the guards, as well might be expected of an author who himself had occupied a governmental position. The account in St. Mark is sketchy, including in one short chapter reports on the reaction of the women, and on the appearances of Jesus to the disciples as well as his ascension. The account in St. Luke also stresses the role of the women, followed by a brief statement on Peter's running to the tomb -- though not commenting on the other disciple. It is curious that little has been made in later times of the greater activity of the women at this time. St. Luke then goes on with an extensive report of Jesus accompanying Cleopas and his companion to Emmaus, also concluding with a brief note on the ascension. The two chapters in the book of St. John are more extensive and detailed than those of the other gospels, again supporting the view that they were written by the disciple, even though Chapter twenty-one is presented as something of an afterthought.
Reading and Textual Analysis
John 20:1-10, and Romans 3:28 (memory verse)
20:1 - Τῇ δὲ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωὶ σκοτίας ἔτι οὔσης εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἡρμένον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου,
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- τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- (on) the
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
- μιᾷ -- number; dative singular feminine of <εἷς> one -- first (day)
- τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- of the
- σαββάτων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <σαββατόν> week -- week
- Μαρία -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <Μαρία> Mary -- Mary
- ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- Μαγδαληνὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <Μαγδαληνή> Magdalene -- Magdalene
- ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- comes
- πρωὶ -- adverb; <πρωί> early -- early
- σκοτίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <σκοτία> darkness -- darkness
- ἔτι -- adverb; <ἔτι> still -- still
- οὔσης -- verb; genitive singular feminine of present participle of <εἰμί> I am -- (while there) was
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- βλέπει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <βλέπω> see -- sees
- τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- λίθον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λίθος> stone -- stone
- ἡρμένον -- verb; accusative singular masculine of aorist middle participle of <αἱρέω> take away -- removed
- ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- from
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημείου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
20:2 - τρέχει οὖν καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίμωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον μαθητὴν ὅν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς.
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- τρέχει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <τρέχω> run -- she runs
- οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- comes
- πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
- Σίμωνα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Σίμων> Simon -- Simon
- Πέτρον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
- τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
- μαθητὴν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
- ὅν -- relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whom
- ἐφίλει -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φιλέω> love -- loved
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- λέγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <λέγω> say -- says
- αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to them
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- ἧραν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <αἱρέω> take away -- they have taken
- τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- κύριον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
- ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- out of
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημείου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- οὐκ -- particle; <οὐκ> not -- not
- οἴδαμεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <οἶδα> know -- we do ... know
- ποῦ -- adverb; <ποῦ> where -- where
- ἔθηκαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <τίθημι> put, place -- placed
- αὐτόν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
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- ἐξῆλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐξέρχομαι> come out -- went out
- οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- Πέτρος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
- μαθητής -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἤρχοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
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- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
- μαθητὴς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
- προέδραμεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <προτρέχω> outrun -- ran ahead
- τάχιον -- adverb; comparative of <τάχυς> fast -- faster
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- (than) ...
- Πέτρου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἦλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
- πρῶτος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πρῶτος> first -- first
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
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- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- παρακύψας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <παρακύπτω> bend down -- bending down
- βλέπει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <βλέπω> see -- he sees
- κείμενα -- verb; accusative plural neuter of perfect middle participle of <κεῖμαι> lie -- lying
- τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- ὀθόνια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothes
- οὐ -- particle; <οὐ> not -- not
- μέντοι -- particle; <μέντοι> but, however -- but
- εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- does...enter
20:6 - ἔρχεται οὖν καὶ Σίμων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείμενα ,
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- ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- comes
- οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- also
- Σίμων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Σίμων> Simon -- Simon
- Πέτρος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
- ἀκολουθῶν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle of <ἀκολουθέω> follow -- following
- αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- entered
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- into
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- θεωρεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θεωρέω> see -- sees
- τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- ὀθόνια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothes
- κείμενα -- verb; accusative plural neuter of perfect middle participle of <κεῖμαι> lie -- lying
20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείμενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον.
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- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- σουδάριον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <σουδάριον> napkin -- napkin
- ὃ -- relative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- that
- ἦν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- was
- ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- on
- τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- κεφαλῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <κεφαλή> head -- head
- αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- his
- οὐ -- particle; <οὐ> not -- not
- μετὰ -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- with
- τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- ὀθονίων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothing
- κείμενον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of present participle middle of <κεῖμαι> lie -- lying
- ἀλλὰ -- conjunction; <ἀλλά> but -- but
- χωρὶς -- adverb; <χωρίς> apart -- apart
- ἐντετυλιγμένον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of perfect passive participle of <ἐντυλίσσω> wrap up -- wrapped up
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- at
- ἕνα -- number; accusative singular masculine of <εἷς> one -- one
- τόπον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <τόπος> place -- place
20:8 - τότε οὖν εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν.
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- τότε -- adverb; <τότε> then -- then
- οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- ...
- εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- he entered
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
- μαθητὴς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
- ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἐλθὼν -- deponent verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- (one) having come
- πρῶτος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πρῶτος> first -- first
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- εἶδεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ὁράω> see -- he saw
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐπίστευσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <πιστεύω> believe -- believed
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- οὐδέπω -- adverb; <οὐδέπω> not yet -- not yet
- γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
- ᾔδεισαν -- verb; 3rd person singular pluperfect of <οἶδα> know -- they did . . .know
- τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
- γραφὴν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γραφή> writing, scripture -- scripture
- ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- that
- δεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <δεῖ> it is necessary -- it was necessary
- αὐτὸν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (for) him
- ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- from
- νεκρῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <νεκρός> dead -- the dead
- ἀναστῆναι -- verb; infinitive aorist of <ἀνίστημι> rise -- to rise
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- ἀπῆλθον -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ἀπέρχομαι> go back -- went back
- οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- then
- πάλιν -- adverb; <πάλιν> again -- back
- πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
- αὐτοὺς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- their own
- οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- μαθηταί -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciples
Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόμεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου.
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- λογιζόμεθα -- verb; 1st person plural present middle of <λογίζομαι> calculate, think -- we conclude
- γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
- δικαιοῦσθαι -- verb; passive infinitive of <δικαιόω> justify -- (is) justified
- πίστει -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <πίστις> faith -- by faith
- ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- a human being
- χωρὶς -- preposition; <χωρίς> apart -- without
- ἔργων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <ἔργον> work, deed -- works
- νόμου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <νόμος> law -- of the law
Lesson Text
20:1 - Τῇ δὲ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωὶ σκοτίας ἔτι οὔσης εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἡρμένον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, 20:2 - τρέχει οὖν καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίμωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον μαθητὴν ὅν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς. ἧραν τὸν κύριον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, καὶ οὐκ οἴδαμεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν. 20:3 - Ἐξῆλθεν οὖν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον. 20:4 - ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ. καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου, καὶ ἦλθεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, 20:5 - καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει κείμενα τὰ ὀθόνια, οὐ μέντοι εἰσῆλθεν. 20:6 - ἔρχεται οὖν καὶ Σίμων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείμενα , 20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείμενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον. 20:8 - τότε οὖν εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν. 20:9 - οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι. 20:10 - ἀπῆλθον οὖν πάλιν πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἱ μαθηταί. Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόμεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου.
Translation
From the King James version:
20:1 The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. 2 Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.
3 Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre. 4 So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre. 5 And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in. 6 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, 7 And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. 8 Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed. 9 For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. 10 Then the disciples went away again unto their own home.
Romans 3:28 (memory verse) --
Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law.
Grammar
36 Tense formation.
To identify verbal forms, it is useful to note the principal parts. Illustrations are provided here, first with the so-called pure verbs, that is, those for which the stems are not modified by the endings. Examples are: πιστεύω 'believe', τιμάω 'honor', ποιέω 'make'.
| Present | πιστεύω | τιμάω | ποιέω | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Future | πιστεύσω | τιμήσω | ποιήσω | |||
| Aorist active | ἐπίστευσα | ἐτίμησα | ἐποιήσα | |||
| Perfect active | πεπίστευκα | τετίμηκα | πεποίηκα | |||
| Perfect middle | πεπίστευμαι | τετίμημαι | πεποίημαι | |||
| Aorist passive | ἐπιστεύθην | ἐτιμήθην | ἐποιήθην |
37 Tense formation of obstruent stems.
In stems ending in obstruent consonants, that is, those ending in stops or fricatives, the consonant of the stem is modified before the tense markers. Examples are given here for πείθω 'persuade', πράττω 'do', ἄγω 'lead', and γράφω 'write'.
| Present | πείθω | πράττω | ἄγω | γράφω | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Future | πείσω | πράξω | ἄξω | γράψα | ||||
| Aorist active | ἔπεισα | ἔπραξα | ἤγαγον | ἔγραψα | ||||
| Perfect active | πέπεικα | πέπραχα | ἦχα | γέγραφα | ||||
| Perfect middle | πέπεισμαι | πέπραγμαι | ἤγμαι | γέγραμμαι | ||||
| Aorist passive | ἐπείσθην | ἐπράχθην | ἤχθην | ἐγράφθην |
38 Tense formation of resonant stems.
Stems ending in resonants may fail to have the future/aorist marker. Examples are φαίνω 'appear', ἀγγέλλω 'announce', and σπείρω 'sow'.
| Present | φαίνω | ἀγγέλλω | σπείρω | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Future | φανῶ | ἀγγελῶ | σπερῶ | |||
| Aorist active | ἔφηνα | ἤγγειλα | ἔσπειρα | |||
| Perfect active | πέφαγκα | ἤγγελκα | ἔσπαρκα | |||
| Perfect middle | πέφασμαι | ἤγγελμαι | ἔσπαρμαι | |||
| Aorist passive | ἐφάνθην | ἠγγέλθην | ἔσπάρθην |
39 The tense formations of some frequent but irregular verbs.
Some verb forms are quite irregular. Some forms of ἔχω 'have' are based on its ancient root *σεχ-. The forms of φέρω 'bear' are based on several roots. The forms of λέγω, φημί, ἀγορεύω 'say, speak' are also based on various roots.
| Present | ἔχω | φέρω | λέγω (etc.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Future | ἕξω | οἴσω | έρῶ | |||
| Aorist active | ἔσχον | ἤνεγκον | εἶπον | |||
| Perfect active | ἔσχηκα | ἐνήνοχα | εἴρηκα | |||
| Perfect middle | ἔσχημαι | ἐνήνεγμαι | εἴρημαι | |||
| Aorist passive | ἔσχομην | ἠνέχθην | ἐρρήθην |
40 The Middle and Passive Perfect.
The forms are the same in the two voices. The subjunctive and optative have forms of the verb 'to be' after the participle (not repeated in the optative, below). They are as follows:
| Indicative | Preterite | Subjunctive | Opt. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | πεπίστευμαι | ἐπεπιστεύμην | πεπιστευμένος ω ᾿̃ | εἴην | ||||
| 2s | πεπίστευσαι | έπεπίστευσο | --- ἦς | εἴης | ||||
| 3s | πεπίστευται | ἐπεπίστευτο | --- ἦ | εἴη | ||||
| 1p | πεπιστεύμεθα | ἐπεπιστεύμεθα | πεπιστευμένοι ὦμεν | εἴημεν | ||||
| 2p | πεπίστευσθε | ἐπεπιστεύσθε | --- ἦτε | εἴτηε | ||||
| 3p | πεπίστευνται | ἐπεπίστευντο | --- ὦσι | εἴησιν |
