New Testament Greek Online
Lesson 9
Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum
The Book of Acts continues St. Luke's account of the days after the resurrection. The second chapter reports the events of the fiftieth day after the festival of the Passover, that is to say, fulfillment of the promise of Jesus in St. John 14:16-27 and 16,7, that he would send the Comforter to his disciples after his death. The importance of the events is commemorated ever since on Pentecost, one of the great holy days of the church. Among remarkable details is the presence of a great spread of nationalities at the event. Those who believed illustrate how the church began its wide expansion. This was further strengthened by the activities reported in the remainder of the book, especially the missionary journeys of St. Paul.
Reading and Textual Analysis
Acts 2:1-13, and Mark 3:35 (memory verse)
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- on
- τῷ -- article; dative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- συμπληροῦσθαι -- verb; infinitive passive of <συμπληρόω> fill up -- (being) fulfilled
- τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἡμέραν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ἡμέρα> day -- day
- τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- πεντηκοστῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πεντηκοστή> 50th day after the Passover -- Pentecost
- ἦσαν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- they were
- πάντες -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
- ὁμοῦ -- adverb; <ὁμοῦ> together -- together
- ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- at
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
- αὐτό -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- the same place
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐγένετο -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- there arose
- ἄφνω -- adverb; <ἄφνω> suddenly -- suddenly
- ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- from
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- οὐρανοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
- ἦχος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἦχος> sound -- a sound
- ὥσπερ -- adverb; <ὥσπερ> as -- as of
- φερομένης -- verb; genitive singular feminine of passive participle of <φέρω> bear, bring, carry -- borne along
- πνοῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πνοῆ> wind -- wind
- βιαίας -- adjective; genitive singular feminine of <βίαιος> violent -- a violent
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐπλήρωσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <πληρόω> fill -- it filled
- ὅλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ὅλος> whole -- whole
- τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- οἶκον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <οἶκος> house -- house
- οὗ -- relative pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- where
- ἦσαν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- they were
- καθήμενοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of middle participle of <κάθημαι> sit -- sitting
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ὤφθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <ὁράω> see -- were seen
- αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- by them
- διαμεριζόμεναι -- verb; nominative plural feminine of participle passive of <διαμερίζω> cleave -- cloven
- γλῶσσαι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language -- tongues
- ὡσεὶ -- adverb; <ὡσεί> as of -- as of
- πυρός -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πῦρ> fire -- fire
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐκάθισεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <καθίζω> (force to) sit down -- it sat down
- ἐφ' -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- on
- ἕνα -- number; accusative singular masculine of <εἷς> one -- one
- ἕκαστον -- indefinite pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each, every -- each
- αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- of them
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐπλήσθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <πίμπλημι> fill -- they were filled
- πάντες -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
- πνεύματος -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- Ghost
- ἁγίου -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <ἅγιος> holy -- (with the) Holy
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἤρξαντο -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <ἄρχομαι> begin -- they began to
- λαλεῖν -- verb; infinitive of <λαλέω> speak -- speak
- ἑτέραις -- adjective; dative plural feminine of <ἕτερος> other -- in other
- γλώσσαις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language -- languages
- καθὼς -- conjunction; <καθώς> as -- as
- τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- πνεῦμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- Spirit
- ἐδίδου -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <δίδωμι> give -- gave
- ἀποφθέγγεσθαι -- verb; infinitive of <ἀποφθέγγομαι> speak -- to speak
- αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
- ἦσαν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- there were
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
- εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- in
- Ἰερουσαλὴμ -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <Ἰερουσαλήμ> Jerusalem -- Jerusalem
- κατοικούντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <κατοικέω> dwell -- dwelling
- Ἰουδαῖοι -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jewish -- Jewish
- ἄνδρες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <ἀνήρ> man -- men
- εὐλαβεῖς -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <εὐλαβής> devout -- devout
- ἀπὸ -- preposition; <ἀπό> from -- from
- παντὸς -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- every
- ἔθνους -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ἔθνος> nation, people, tribe -- nation
- τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- of those
- ὑπὸ -- preposition; <ὑπό> under, by -- under
- τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- οὐρανόν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
- γενομένης -- deponent verb; genitive singular feminine of participle middle of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- got around
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
- τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- φωνῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <φωνή> voice, sound -- word
- ταύτης -- demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <οὗτος> this -- (when) this
- συνῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <συνέρχομαι> unite, come together -- came together
- τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- πλῆθος -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πλῆθος> multitude -- multitude
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- συνεχύθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <συγχύω> confuse -- were confused
- ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- because
- ἤκουον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- they heard
- εἷς -- number; nominative singular masculine of <εἷς> one -- one
- ἕκαστος -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each, every -- each
- τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- ἰδίᾳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἴδιος> own -- (in his) own
- διαλέκτῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διάλεκτος> language -- language
- λαλούντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -- speaking
- αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
- ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστημι> be amazed -- they were amazed
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἐθαύμαζον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <θαυμάζω> wonder -- wondered
- λέγοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say -- saying
- οὐχὶ -- particle; <οὐχί> not -- not
- ἰδοὺ -- adverb; <ἰδού> behold -- behold
- πάντες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
- οὗτοί -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <οὗτος> this -- these
- εἰσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
- οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- λαλοῦντες -- verb; 3rd person plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -- speakers
- Γαλιλαῖοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Γαλιλαῖος> Galilean -- Galileans
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- πῶς -- interrogative particle; <πῶς> how -- how
- ἡμεῖς -- pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- we
- ἀκούομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- do we hear (them speaking)
- ἕκαστος -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each, every -- each (of us)
- τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- ἰδίᾳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἴδιος> own -- own
- διαλέκτῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διάλεκτος> language -- language
- ἡμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- our
- ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
- ᾗ -- relative pronoun; dative singular feminine of <ὅς> who, which -- which
- ἐγεννήθημεν -- deponent verb; 1st person plural aorist passive of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- were born
- Πάρθοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Πάρθος> Parthian -- Parthians
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- Μῆδοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Μῆδος> Mede -- Medes
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- Ἐλαμῖται -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἐλαμῖται> Elamites -- Elamites
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- καταοικοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <κατοικέω> dwell -- dwellers
- τήν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- Μεσοποταμίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Μεσοποταμία> Mesopotamia -- Mesopotamia
- Ἰουδαίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- Judea
- τε -- conjunction; <τε> and -- ...
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- Καππαδοκίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Καππαδοκία> Cappadocia -- Cappadocia
- Πόντον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πόντος> Pontos -- Pontos
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- Ἀσίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἀσία> Asia -- Asia
- Φρυγίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Φρύγια> Phrygia -- Phrygia
- τε -- conjunction; <τε> and -- ...
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- Παμφυλίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Παμφύλια> Pamphylia -- Pamphylia
- Αἴγυπτον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Αἴγυπτος> Egypt -- Egypt
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μέρη -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <μέρος> part -- parts
- τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
- Λιβύης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Λιβύη> Libya -- Libya
- τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- κατὰ -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- about
- Κυρήνην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Κυρήνη> Cyrene -- Cyrene
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
- ἐπιδημοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <ἐπιδημέω> come home from foreign parts -- returnees
- Ῥωμαῖοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ῥωμαῖος> Roman -- Roman
- Ἰουδαῖοί -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jew -- Jews
- τε -- conjunction; <τε> and -- ...
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- προσήλυτοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <προσήλυτος> convert -- converts
- Κρῆτες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Κρής> Cretan -- Cretans
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- Ἄραβες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἄραβες> Arab -- Arabs
- ἀκούομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- we hear
- λαλούντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -- speaking
- αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
- ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- ἡμετέραις -- adjective; dative plural feminine of <ἡμέτερος> our -- (in) our
- γλώσσαις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language -- languages
- τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- μεγαλεῖα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <μεγαλεῖα> mighty works -- mighty works
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- of God
- ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστημι> be amazed -- were amazed
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
- πάντες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- διηποροῦντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <διαπουρέω> to be quite at a loss -- were at a loss
- ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- one
- πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
- ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- the other
- λέγοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say -- saying
- τί -- interrogative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
- θέλει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θέλω> mean, purport -- does . . .mean
- τοῦτο -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <οὗτος> this -- this
- εἶναι -- verb; infinitive of <εἰμί> I am -- ...
- ἕτεροι -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <ἕτερος> other -- Others
- δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- but
- διαχλευάζοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of <διαχλευάζω> joke, mock -- mocking
- ἔλεγον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <λέγω> say -- said
- ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- that
- γλεύκους -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <γλεῦκος> new wine -- (with) new wine
- μεμεστωμένοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of passive participle of <μεστόω> to fill full -- fully filled
- εἰσίν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
- ὃς -- relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whoever
- ἄν -- particle; <ἄν> if -- ...
- ποιήσῃ -- verb; 3rd person singular optative aorist of <ποιέω> make, do -- shall do
- τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
- θέλημα -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <θέλημα> will -- will
- τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
- θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- of God
- οὗτος -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὗτος> this -- he
- ἀδελφός -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἀδελφός> brother -- brother
- μου -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- my
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- ἀδελφὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἀδελφή> sister -- sister
- καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
- μῆτηρ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <μήτηρ> mother -- mother
- ἐστίν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
Lesson Text
2:1 - Καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς ἦσαν πάντες ὁμοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό. 2:2 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον οὗ ἦσαν καθήμενοι. 2:3 - καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. 2:4 - καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες πνεύματος ἁγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις καθὼς τὸ πνεῦμα ἐδίδου ἀποφθέγγεσθαι αὐτοῖς. 2:5 - Ἦσαν δὲ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ κατοικούντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν. 2:6 - γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθεν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ συνεχύθη, ὅτι ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν. 2:7 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον λέγοντες, οὐχὶ ἰδοὺ πάντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι; 2:8 - Καὶ πῶς ἡμεῖς ἀκούομεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν; 2:9 - Πάρθοι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ Ἐλαμῖται, καὶ οἱ καταοικοῦντες τήν Μεσοποταμίαν, Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, 2:10 - Φρυγίαν τε καὶ Παμφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ μέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες Ῥωμαῖοι, Ἰουδαῖοί τε καὶ προσήλυτοι, 2:11 - Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούομεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ μεγαλεῖα τοῦ θεοῦ. 2:12 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι; 2:13 - ἕτεροι δὲ διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον ὅτι γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν. Mark 3:35 (memory verse) - Ὃς ἄν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὗτος ἀδελφός μου καὶ ἀδελφὴ καὶ μῆτηρ ἐστίν.
Translation
From the King James version:
2:1 And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. 2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. 3 And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. 4 And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.
5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. 6 Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. 7 And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans? 8 And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? 9 Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, 10 Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, 11 Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. 12 And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this?
13 Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine.
Mark 3:35 (memory verse) --
For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother.
Grammar
41 Verbs in -μι; the present and imperfect active system.
A small number of frequent verbs have different endings and formations from those of the general verbs. Among these are τίθημι 'put', ἵημι 'send', ἵστημι, and δίδωμι 'give'. The present forms of τίθημι are given here to illustrate their forms. The forms of the others are comparable, though δίδωμι has ο-vowels corresponding to the ε-vowels of the three other verbs.
Present | Imperfect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | τίθημι | ἐτίθην | ||
2 sg | τίθης | ἐτίθεις | ||
3 sg | τίθησι(ν) | ἐτίθει | ||
1 pl | τίθεμεν | ἐτίθεμεν | ||
2 pl | τίθετε | ἐτίθετε | ||
3 pl | τιθέασι(ν) | ἐτίθεσαν |
Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | τιθῶ | τιθείην | ||||
2 sg | τιθῇς | τιθείης | τίθει | |||
3 sg | τιθῇ | τιθείη | τιθέτω | |||
1 pl | τιθῶμεν | τιθεῖμεν | ||||
2 pl | τιθῆτε | τιθεῖτε | τίθετε | |||
3 pl | τιθῶσι(ν) | τιθεῖεν | τιθέντων |
42 Forms of the aorist active.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | ἔθηκα | θῶ | θείην | |||||
2 sg | ἔθηκας | θῇς | θείης | θές | ||||
3 sg | ἔθηκε(ν) | θῇ | θείη | θέτω | ||||
1 pl | ἔθεμεν | θῶμεν | θεῖμεν | |||||
2 pl | ἔθετε | θῆτε | θεῖητε | θέτε | ||||
3 pl | ἔθεσαν | θῶσι(ν) | θεῖεν | θέντων |
43 Forms of the Present and Imperfect system of εἰμί 'am'.
Present | Imperfect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | εἰμί | ἦν | ||
2 sg | εἶ | ἦσθα | ||
3 sg | ἐστί(ν) | ἦν | ||
1 pl | ἐσμέν | ἦμεν | ||
2 pl | ἐστέ | ἦτε | ||
3 pl | εἰσί(ν) | ἦσαν |
Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | ὦ | εἴην | ||||
2 sg | ᾖς | εἴης | ἴσθι | |||
3 sg | ᾖ | εἴη | ἔστω | |||
1 pl | ὦμεν | εἴημεν | ||||
2 pl | ἤτε | εἴητε | ἔστε | |||
3 pl | ὦσι(ν) | εἴησαν | ἔστων |
44 Forms of οἶδα 'I know'.
οἶδα is a perfect with present meaning. It is based on a root meaning 'see', so that the perfect has developed in meaning from 'I have seen' to 'I know'. The forms representing present and past time are given here.
Present | Past | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg | οἶδα 'I know' | ᾔδη 'I knew' | ||
2 sg | οἶσθα 'thou knowest' | ᾔδησθα 'thou knewest' | ||
3 sg | οἶδε(ν) 'he/she knows' | ᾔδει 'he/she knew' | ||
1 pl | ἴσμεν 'we know' | ᾔδμεν 'we knew' | ||
2 pl | ἴστε 'you know' | ᾔδετε 'you knew' | ||
3 pl | ἴσασι(ν) 'they know' | ᾔδεσαν 'they knew' |
45 Particles.
As you have noted in the texts, particles are numerous in Greek texts. Moreover, they are often left untranslated. They may modify meaning much as intonation does in English; if then translated with their meaning given in dictionaries, such as 'indeed, to be sure' and so on, the English sentence is turgid. In combinations, such as καὶ δέ, καὶ merely adds emphasis. Particles then must be treated in relation to one another and to the entire sentence.
There are two negative particles, also called adverbs, οὺ (οὔτε, οὐκ, etc.), and μή, which is required in sentences expressing a desire and is used in conditions.
There are several interrogative particles, of which ἧ and ἆρα are the most frequent. Other particles are listed here in alphabetical order.
ἀλλά 'on the other hand, but, on the contrary'
ἅμα 'at the same time, at once'
ἄρα 'therefore, then' (note the different accentuation from the interrogative particle)
γάρ 'for'
γέ 'indeed, certainly'
δέ 'but, however' (often used as a connective, and need not be translated)
δή 'already, now' (or used to add emphasis)
ἦ 'truly, really'
ἤ 'or' (often doubled with the meanings 'either ...or')
καί 'and' or, as used for emphasis, 'even'
μέν 'indeed' (may be used with δέ to indicate a correlation, and not translated)
οὐδέ 'and not'
οὖν 'indeed, certainly; therefore'
οὔτε ... οὔτε, μήτε ... μήτε 'neither ... nor'
πέρ 'even, indeed'
τέ 'and'; τέ ... τέ 'both ... and'; τέ ... καί 'not only ... but also'