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Old Iranian Online

Old Persian: Master Glossary

This Master Glossary page lists, in an alphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique word form that appears in lesson texts and, for each word, its unique glosses. In addition to the gloss information, sans contextual translation, links are provided to every appearance, in every numbered lesson, of the word/gloss in question. With this index one may perform a quick "word look-up" and, in addition, study how words are used in context by clicking on their links.

aita - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <aita-> 'he, this'

aitamaiy - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <aita-> 'he, this' + personal pronoun; genitive singular <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

aitā - demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural feminine <aita-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

aitā - demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural feminine <aita-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

aivam - adjective; accusative singular masculine <aiva-> 'one'

Auramazdahā - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda'

Auramazdā - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda'

Auramazdātay - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda' + personal pronoun; genitive singular <tuvam-> 'you'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

Auramazdām - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda'

Auramazdāmaiy - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda' + enclitic personal pronoun; accusative singular <adam> 'I'

Auramazdāha - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda'

Auramazdāhā - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Auramazdāh-> 'Ahura Mazda'

akariya - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative passive <kar> 'do, make'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

akunauš - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <kar> 'do, make'

akunava - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative middle <kar> 'do, make'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

akunavam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <kar> 'do, make'

agarbāyatā - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative causative middle <grab> 'seize, grab'

ajanam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

atar - preposition; <atar> 'within, among'

atarsa - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <tars> 'fear, be afraid'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

aθaham - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <θah> 'speak, say, declare'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

adataiy - adverb; <ada> 'then' + enclitic personal pronoun; genitive singular <tuvam-> 'you'

adam - personal pronoun; nominative singular <adam> 'I'

adamšim - personal pronoun; nominative singular <adam> 'I' + enclitic pronoun; accusative singular feminine <ši-> 'she, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

adaršnauš - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <dars> 'dare'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

adā - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <dā> 'put, make, create'

adānā - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect middle <xšnā> 'learn, know'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

adāraya - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle causative <dar> 'hold, support'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

adīnam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <dī> 'take, seize'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

adurujiya - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative middle <drug-> 'lie, deceive'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

aniyašca - adjective; nominative singular neuter <aniya-> 'other' + conjunction; <ca> 'and, but'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

aniyā - adjective; nominative plural feminine <aniya-> 'other'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

aniyāuvā - adjective; locative plural feminine <aniya-> 'other'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

aniyāha - adjective; nominative plural masculine <aniya-> 'other'

anušiyā - noun; nominative plural masculine <anušiya-> 'follower, ally'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

apagaudaya - preposition; <apa> 'away' + verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <gud> 'hide'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

apagaudayāhy - preposition; <apa> 'away' + verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive causative active <gud> 'hide'

apara - adjective; nominative singular masculine <apara-> 'later, after'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

aparam - adverb; <aparam> 'after'

aparsam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <fraθ> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

abara - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <bar> 'bear, carry'

abara - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative active <bar> 'bear, carry'

abaram - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <bar> 'bear, carry'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

abava - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <bu> 'be, become'

abavam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <bu> 'be, become'

abiy - preposition; <abiy> 'to, toward, against'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

amariyatā - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <mar> 'die'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

amāxam - personal pronoun; genitive plural <adam> 'I'

amiy - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <ah> 'be'

ayauda - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <yaud> 'rise up, bubble over'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

ayadaiy - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative middle <yad> 'revere, worship'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

ayadiya - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative passive <yad> 'revere, worship'

Arakadriš - geographic name; nominative singular masculine <Arakadri-> a mountain in Persia

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

arasam - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <ar> 'move toward'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

arika - adjective; nominative singular masculine <arika-> 'treacherous, evil, hostile'

ariya - adjective; nominative singular masculine <ariya-> 'Aryan'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

ariyaciça - adjective; <ariya-> 'Aryan' + noun; nominative singular masculine <ciça-> 'seed, lineage'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

artācā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <arta-> 'Truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and, but'

artāvā - adjective; nominative singular masculine <artāvan-> 'blessed, righteous'

arštām - noun; accusative singular feminine <arštā-> 'righteousness, Truth'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

arštiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <aršti-> 'spear, weapon'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

ava - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

ava - preposition; <ava> 'away, down'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

ava - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

avaina - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <vaina-> 'see'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

avaiy - demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural masculine <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

avaišām - demonstrative pronoun; genitive plural masculine <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

avajata - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

avaθā - adverb; <avaθa> 'thus, then'

avadaša - adverb; <avadā> 'then, there' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; ablative singular masculine <ša-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

avadašim - adverb; <avadā> 'then, there' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ša-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

avadā - adverb; <avadā> 'then, there'

avanā - demonstrative pronoun; instrumental singular neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

avam - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ava-> 'this, that'

avam - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

avahyarādiy - demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular masculine <ava-> 'this, that' + adverb; <rādiy> 'on account of'

avahyā - demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular masculine <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

avā - adverb; <avā> 'thus, as'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

avā - relative pronoun; nominative plural feminine <ava-> 'this, that'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

avāja - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

avājanam - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down' + verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

avājaniyā - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down' + verb; 3rd person singular present optative active <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

astiy - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <ah> 'be'

asmānam - noun; accusative singular masculine <asman-> 'sky'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

ašiyava - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <šiyu> 'set out, go'

azdā - adverb; <azdā> 'known'

ahatiy - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <ah> 'be'

ahaniy - verb; 1st person singular present subjunctive active <ah> 'be'

ahyāyā - demonstrative pronoun; locative singular feminine <a-> 'this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

āha - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <ah> 'be'

āha - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative active <ah> 'be'

āhatā - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative middle <ah> 'be'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

āham - verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <ah> 'be'

āhy - verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <ah> 'be'

I - Roman numeral; 'one'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

IX - Roman numeral; <IX> 'nine'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

idā - adverb; <idā> 'here'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

ima - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <ima-> 'he, this'

imām - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular feminine <ima-> 'he, this'

imām - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ima-> 'he, this'

utašim - conjunctive particle; <utā> 'and' + enclitic pronoun; accusative singular feminine <ši-> 'she, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

utā - conjunction; <utā> 'and'

utātaiy - conjunctive particle; <utā> 'and' + personal pronoun; genitive singular <tuvam-> 'you'

utāmaiy - conjunctive particle; <utā> 'and' + personal pronoun; genitive singular <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

udapatatā - verbal prefix; <ud> 'up' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <pat> 'fly, fall'

upariy - adverb; <upariy> 'over, above, in accordance with'

upariyāyam - adverb; <upariy> 'over, above, in accordance with' + verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active 'go'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

upastām - noun; accusative singular feminine <upastā-> 'aid, support'

ufraštam - adverb; 'well, good' + past participle passive; accusative singular masculine <fraθ> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict'

ufraštādiy - adverb; 'well, good' + past participle passive; accusative singular masculine <fraθ> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict' + emphatic particle; <diy> (used for emphasis)

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

ubartam - prefix; 'well, good' + adverb; <bartam> 'well-born'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

uvāmaršiyuš - adjective; nominative singular masculine <uvāmaršiyu-> 'self-inflicted death'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

kaufa - noun; nominative singular masculine <kaufa-> 'mountain'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

Kabūjiya - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Kambūjiya-> 'Cambyses'

Kabūjiyahyā - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Kambūjiya-> 'Cambyses'

Kabūjiyā - proper name; ablative singular masculine <Kambūjiya-> 'Cambyses'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

kamnaibiš - adjective; instrumental plural masculine <kamna-> 'few'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

kartam - past participle passive; nominative singular neuter <kar> 'do, make'

kartam - past participle passive; accusative singular neuter <kar> 'do, make'

kašciy - indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine <kašciy-> 'any, anyone, anything'

kā - particle; <kā> (denotes generalization)

kāma - noun; nominative singular masculine <kāma-> 'wish, desire'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

kāra - noun; nominative singular masculine <kāra-> 'man, person; the people'

kāram - noun; accusative singular masculine <kāra-> 'man, person; the people'

kārašim - noun; nominative singular masculine <kāra-> 'man, person; the people' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ša-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

kārahyā - noun; genitive singular masculine <kāra-> 'man, person; the people'

Kūrauš - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Kūru-> 'Cyrus'

X - Roman numeral; <X> 'ten'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

XIV - Roman numeral; <XIV> 'fourteen'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

xsāyaθiya - noun; nominative singular masculine <xšāyaθiya-> 'royal, king'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

xšaçam - noun; accusative singular neuter <xšaça-> 'kingship, sovereignty, kingdom'

xšaçamšim - noun; accusative singular neuter <xšaça-> 'kingship, sovereignty, kingdom' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ša-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

Xšayāršā - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Xšayāršan-> 'Xerxes'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

xšāyaθiya - noun; nominative singular masculine <xšāyaθiya-> 'royal, king'

xšāyaθiyam - noun; accusative singular masculine <xšāyaθiya-> 'royal, king'

xšāyaθiyā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <xšāyaθiya-> 'royal, king'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

xšāyaθiyānām - noun; genitive plural masculine <xšāyaθiya-> 'royal, king'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

xšnāsātiy - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <xšnā> 'learn, know'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

xšnāsāhy - verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <xšnā> 'learn, know'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Gaumāta - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Gaumāta-> 'Gaumata'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

Gaumātam - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Gaumāta-> 'Gaumata'

Garmapadahya - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Garmapada-> fourth month of the Persian calendar, June - July

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

gastā - noun; ablative singular neuter <gasta-> 'evil, harm'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

gāθavā - noun; locative singular feminine <gāθu-> 'place, throne, battlefield'

gāθum - noun; accusative singular feminine <gāθu-> 'place, throne, battlefield'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

caxriyā - verb; 3rd person singular perfect optative causative active <kar> 'do, make'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

ciyakaram - adverb; <cayakaram> 'how much, how many'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

cišciy - indefinite pronoun; accusative singular masculine <kašciy-> 'any, anyone, anything'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

jatā - noun; nominative singular masculine <jatar-> 'smiter'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

jadiyāmiy - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <jad> 'pray, ask'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

jīva - present active particle; nominative singular masculine <jiva-> 'living'

jīvā - noun; nominative singular feminine <jīvā-> 'life'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

taumā - noun; nominative singular feminine <taumā-> 'family'

taumāyā - noun; genitive singular feminine <taumā-> 'family'

tunuvatam - noun; accusative singular masculine <tunuvat-> 'possessing power'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

tuva - pronoun; nominative singular <tuvam-> 'you'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

tuvam - personal pronoun; nominative singular masculine <tuvam-> 'you'

tya - relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <tya-> 'who, which; that'

tya - relative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <tya-> 'who, which; that'

tya - relative pronoun; <tya-> 'who, which; that'

tya - relative conjunction; accusative singular neuter <tya-> '(so/in order) that'

tyaiy - relative pronoun; nominative plural masculine <tya-> 'who, which; that'

tyaiy - demonstrative pronoun; instrumental plural masculine <tya-> 'he, this, that'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

tyaiy - relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <tya-> 'who, which; that'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

tyaiy - relative pronoun; accusative plural masculine <tya-> 'who, which; that'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

tyaišaiy - relative pronoun; nominative plural masculine <tya-> 'who, which; that' + enclitic pronoun; genitive singular masculine <sa-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

tyam - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <tya-> 'he, this, that'

tyašām - relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <tya-> 'who, which; that' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; genitive plural masculine <ša-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

tyā - relative pronoun; nominative plural feminine <tya-> 'who, which; that'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

θakatā - adjective; nominative plural neuter <θakatay-> 'past'

θarda - noun; genitive singular feminine <θard-> 'autumn, year'

θastanaiy - infinitive; <θah> 'speak, say, declare'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

θātiy - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <θah> 'speak, say, declare'

θātiy - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <θah> 'speak, say, declare'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

θāhy - verb; 2nd person singular present indicative active <θah> 'speak, say, declare'

θuvām - personal pronoun; accusative singular masculine <tuvam-> 'you'

daivadānam - noun; <daiva-> 'daiva' + noun; accusative singular neuter <dāna-> 'offering'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

daivā - noun; accusative plural masculine <daiva-> 'daiva'

dauštā - noun; nominative singular masculine <dauštar-> 'friend'

dadātuv - verb; 3rd person singular present imperative active <dā> 'give, take'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

dargam - adverb; <dargam> 'long'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

daršam - adverb; <daršam> 'greatly, mightily, steadfastly'

dahyauvā - noun; locative singular feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

dahyāum - noun; accusative singular feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

dahyāuš - noun; nominative singular feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

dahyāušmaiy - noun; nominative singular feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region' + personal pronoun; genitive singular masculine <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

dahyāva - noun; nominative plural feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

dahyāva - noun; accusative plural feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

dahyāvam - noun; accusative singular feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

dahyušuvā - noun; locative plural feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

dahyūnām - noun; genitive plural feminine <dahyu-> 'country, land, region'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

dātā - noun; accusative plural neuter <dāta-> 'law'

Dārayavaum - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Dārayavahu-> 'Darius'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Dārayavauš - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Dārayavahu-> 'Darius'

didā - noun; nominative singular feminine <didā-> 'fortress, wall'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

dipim - noun; accusative singular feminine <dipi-> 'inscription'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

dītam - past participle passive; accusative singular neuter <dā> 'give, take'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

dīdiy - verb; 2nd person singular present imperative middle <di> 'see, look'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

duruxtam - adjective; accusative singular neuter <duruxta-> 'false'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

duruvā - adjective; nominative singular feminine <duruva-> 'durable, stable, firm, secure'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

duškartam - adverb; <duš> 'difficult, bad, evil' + past participle passive; accusative singular masculine <kar> 'do, make'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

dūraiapiy - adverb; <dūra> 'far' + enclitic particle; <apiy> emphatic particle

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

dūraiy - adverb; <dūraiy> 'afar, far away'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

dūrayapiy - adverb; <dūra> 'far' + enclitic particle; <apiy> emphatic particle

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

drauga - noun; nominative singular masculine <drauga-> 'deceit, the Lie'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

draugam - noun; accusative singular masculine <drauga-> 'deceit, the Lie'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

draugā - noun; ablative singular masculine <drauga-> 'deceit, the Lie'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

draujana - adjective; nominative singular masculine <draujana-> 'deceitful, follower of the Lie'

naibam - adjective; accusative singular neuter <naiba-> 'beautiful, pious'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

naimaiy - negative particle; <naiy> 'not' + enclitic personal pronoun; genitive singular <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

naiy - negative particle; <naiy> 'not'

nāma - adverb; <nāma> 'by name, named, called'

nāmā - adverb; <nāma> 'by name, named, called'

nipištā - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + past participle passive; accusative plural feminine <paiθ> 'inscribe, engrave'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

niyašādayam - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 1st person singular present imperfect indicative active causative <had> 'sit'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

niyaštāya - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <šta> 'sit, set, place'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

Nisāya - geographic name; nominative singular masculine <Nisāya-> 'Nisaya'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

nīšādayam - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 1st person singular present indicative active causative <had> 'sit'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

nīštāya - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <šta> 'sit, set, place'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

nūram - adverb; <nūram> 'now'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

Paišiyāuvādāyā - geographic name; ablative singular feminine <Paišiyāuvādā-> 'Paishiyauvada'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

patikarā - noun; accusative plural masculine <patikara-> 'picture, carved/incised likeness'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

patipayauvā - prefix; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' + verb; 2nd person singular present imperative middle <pā> 'protect'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

patiparsāhy - prefix; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' + verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <parsa-> 'examine, read'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

patiyajatā - verbal prefix; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <jan> 'smite, strike, slay'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

patiyazbayam - verbal prefix; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' + verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active causative <zbā-> 'call'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

patiyāvahyaiy - preposition; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to' + denominative; 1st person singular imperfect middle <avahya-> 'ask for help'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

paranam - adverb; <paranam> 'before'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

parāgmatā - adverb; <parā> 'forth, forward, beyond' + past participle passive; nominative singular feminine <gam> 'go'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

pariy - adverb; <pariy> 'toward, with respect to'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

pariyaita - verbal prefix; <pariy> 'toward, with respect to' + verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <ay> 'go'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

parīdiy - verbal prefix; <pariy> 'toward, with respect to' + verb; 3rd person singular present imperative middle <ay> 'go'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

paruvam - adverb; <paruvam> 'previously, before'

paruvā - adjective; instrumental singular masculine <paruva-> 'before, previous'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

parūvnām - adjective; genitive plural masculine <paru-> 'much, many'

partaram - noun; accusative singular neuter <partara-> 'battle'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

parsā - verb; 2nd person singular present optative active <fraθ> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

parsā - verb; 2nd person singular present imperative <fraθ> 'ask, inquire, investigate, indict'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

pasāva - adverb; <pasāva> 'after(wards)'

pasāvadim - adverb; <pasāva> 'after(wards)' + enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <di-> 'this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

pasāvamaiy - adverb; <pasāva> 'after(wards)' + personal pronoun; genitive singular <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

pātuv - verb; 3rd person singular present imperative active <pā> 'protect'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Pārsa - geographic name; nominative singular masculine <Pārsa-> 'Persia'

pārsa - adjective; nominative singular masculine <pārsa-> 'Persian'

Pārsaiy - geographic name; locative singular masculine <Pārsa-> 'Persia'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

pārsahyā - adjective; genitive singular masculine <pārsa-> 'Persian'

Pārsā - geographic name; ablative singular masculine <Pārsa-> 'Persia'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

puça - noun; nominative singular masculine <puça-> 'son'

fratamā - adjective; nominative plural masculine <fratama-> 'first, foremost'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

framātāram - noun; accusative singular masculine <framātar-> 'lord, master'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

frābara - verbal prefix; <fra> 'to, toward, forth' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <bar> 'bear, carry'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

frābara - verbal prefix; <fra> 'to, toward, forth' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <bar> 'bear, carry'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

baga - noun; nominative singular masculine <baga-> 'god'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

bagāha - noun; nominative plural masculine <baga-> 'god'

baratiy - verb; 3rd person plural present indicative active <bar> 'bear, carry'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Bardiya - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Bardiya-> 'Bardiya', known from Greek sources as Smerdis

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

Bardiya - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Bardiya-> 'Bardiya', known from Greek sources as Smerdis

Bardiyam - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Bardiya-> 'Bardiya', known from Greek sources as Smerdis

bavatiy - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <ah> 'be'

bavātiy - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <bu> 'be, become'

Bāgayādaiš - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Bāgayādi-> seventh month of the Persian calendar, September - October

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

biyā - verb; 3rd person singular present optative active <bu> 'be, become'

biyā - verb; 2nd person singular present optative active <bu> 'be, become'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

būmim - noun; accusative singular feminine <būmi-> 'earth'

būmiyā - noun; locative singular feminine <būmi-> 'earth'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

brazmaniya - adjective; nominative singular masculine <brazmaniya-> 'reverent'

brātā - noun; nominative singular masculine <brātar-> 'brother'

magum - adjective; accusative singular masculine <magu-> 'Magian'

maguš - adjective; nominative singular masculine <magu-> 'Magian'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

manā - personal pronoun; genitive singular masculine <adam> 'I'

manā - personal pronoun; genitive singular <adam> 'I'

maniyāhaiy - verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive middle <man> 'think'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

maniyāhaiy - verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <man> 'think'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

maniyāhay - verb; 2nd person singular present imperative middle <man> 'think'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

marta - past participle passive; nominative singular masculine <mar> 'die'

martiya - noun; nominative singular masculine <martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being'

martiyaibiš - noun; instrumental plural masculine <martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

martiyam - noun; accusative singular masculine <martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

martiyahyā - noun; genitive singular masculine <martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being'

martiyā - noun; nominative plural masculine <martiya-> 'mortal, man, human being'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

mā - injunctive particle; <mā> (expresses prohibition)

mātya - injunctive particle; <mā> (expresses prohibition) + relative conjunction; <tya-> '(so/in order) that'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

mātyamām - injunctive particle; <mā> (expresses prohibition) + relative conjunction; accusative singular neuter <tya-> '(so/in order) that' + personal pronoun; accusative singular <adam> 'I'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

Māda - geographic name; nominative singular masculine <Māda-> 'Media'

Mādaiy - geographic name; locative singular masculine <Māda-> 'Media'

mām - personal pronoun; accusative singular masculine <adam> 'I'

māhyā - noun; genitive singular masculine <māha-> 'month'

Mudrāyam - geographic name; accusative singular masculine <Mudrāya-> 'Egypt'

yaudatim - present participle active; accusative singular feminine <yaud> 'rise up, bubble over'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

yaθā - adverbial conjunction; <yaθā> 'as, when, because'

yadaišā - verb; 2nd person singular present optative middle <yad> 'revere, worship'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yadataiy - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <yad> 'revere, worship'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yadātya - adverb; <yadā> 'where' + demonstrative pronoun; <tya-> 'he, this, that'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yadāyā - adverb; <yadā> 'where' + ; <tya-> (corrupt form) 'that'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yadipatiy - relative adverb; <yadiy> 'if, when' + adverb; <patiy> 'against, during, with respect to'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

yadimaniyāiy - relative adverb; <yadiy> 'if, when' + verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <man> 'think'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yadiy - adverb; <yadiy> 'if, when'

yadiyaiša - verb; 3rd person plural present imperative passive <yad> 'revere, worship'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

yātā - adverbial conjunction; <yātā> 'until, while, as long as'

raucabiš - noun; instrumental plural neuter <raucah-> 'day'

ragam - adverb; <ranga-> 'speed, haste'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

rādiy - adverb; <rādiy> 'on account of'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

vartaiyaiy - verb; 1st person singular present indicative causative middle <vart> 'turn'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

varnavatām - verb; 3rd person singular present imperative middle <var> active 'cover', middle 'choose, convince'

vasiy - adverb; <vasiy> 'greatly, utterly'

vašnā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <vašna-> 'will, favor'

vazraka - adjective; nominative singular masculine <vazraka-> 'great'

vazrakāyā - adjective; locative singular feminine <vazraka-> 'great'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

viθam - noun; accusative singular feminine <viθ-> 'house(hold), clan, royal court'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

viθiyā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <viθ-> 'house(hold), clan, royal court'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

viyakanam - verbal prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; 1st person singular imperfect indicative active <kan> 'dig'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

Viyaxnahya - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Viyaxna-> twelfth month of the Persian calendar, February - March

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

viyanāθaya - verbal prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; <nāθ> 'injure, rend'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

visam - adjective; accusative singular masculine <visa-> 'all, every'

Old Persian: excerpt from XPh

visam - adjective; accusative singular neuter <visa-> 'all, every'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

vispazanānām - adjective; <vispa-> 'all, every' + noun; genitive plural masculine <zana-> 'man'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Vištāspahyā - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Vištāspa-> 'Hystaspes'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

Sikayauvatiš - geographic name; nominative singular masculine <Sikayauvati-> 'Sikayauvati'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

šiyāta - adjective; nominative singular masculine <šiyāta-> 'happy'

šiyātim - noun; accusative singular feminine <šiyati-> 'welfare, peace, happiness'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

škaurim - noun; accusative singular masculine <škauri-> 'weak'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

zūra - noun; <zūra-> 'evil'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

zūrakara - noun; nominative singular masculine <zūrakara-> 'evil-doer'

hauv - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <hauv-> 'he, this'

hauvam - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <hauv-> 'he, this'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

haxāmanišiya - adjective; nominative singular masculine <haxāmanišiya-> 'Achaemenid'

Old Persian: excerpt from DNa

hacā - adposition; <hacā> 'from, out of'

hatiy - verb; 3rd person plural present indicative active <ah> 'be'

hadā - preposition; <hadā> 'with, together with'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

hadugām - noun; accusative singular feminine <hadugā-> 'record, statute'

hamataxšatā - prefix; <ham> 'together' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <taxš> 'be active, build, carve, make'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

hamapitā - adverb; <hama-> 'same' + noun; masculine singular nominative <pītar-> 'father'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

hamahyāya - adjective; genitive singular masculine <hama-> 'same' + demonstrative pronoun; locative singular feminine <a-> 'this'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

hamahyāyā - adjective; genitive singular masculine <hama-> 'same' + demonstrative pronoun; locative singular feminine <a-> 'this'

hamātā - adverb; <hama-> 'same' + noun; feminine singular nominative <mātar-> 'mother'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

hamiçiya - adjective; nominative singular masculine <hamiçiya-> 'rebellious'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

haruva - adjective; nominative singular masculine <haruva-> 'all'

Old Persian: excerpt from DB I

hašiyam - adjective; accusative singular neuter <hašiya-> 'true'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

hya - relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <hya-> 'who, what, which'

hyavā - relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <hya-> 'who, what, which' + conjunctive particle; <vā> 'or'

Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV

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