Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. au̯-, au̯ed- 'to speak'
Semantic Field(s): to Speak, Talk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | comedy | n | comedy | W7 |
| melodie | n | melody | W7 | |
| tragedie | n | tragedy | W7 | |
| English: | comedy | n | humorous theatrical drama | AHD/W7 |
| epode | n | lyric poem with short verses succeeding long | AHD/W7 | |
| hymnody | n | hymn singing | AHD/W7 | |
| melody | n | tunefulness; sounds ordered musically | AHD/W7 | |
| monody | n | ode sung by 1 voice (Greek tragedy) | AHD/W7 | |
| ode | n | type of lyric poem | AHD/W7 | |
| parody | n | literary imitation | AHD/W7 | |
| rhapsody | n | epic poetry adapted for recitation | AHD/W7 | |
| Theravada | prop.n | lit. doctrine of the elders (Buddhism) | LRC | |
| tragedy | n | tale of sublime downfall | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | ode | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Old High German: | farwāzan | vb | to deny | W7 |
| worf | n | scythe handle | W7 | |
| German: | Komödie | n.fem | comedy | LRC |
| Melodie | n.fem | melody | LRC | |
| ode | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC | |
| Parodie | n.fem | parody | LRC | |
| Tragödie | n.fem | tragedy | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | ode | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Swedish: | ode | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | comoedia | n.fem | comedy | W7 |
| epodos | n.masc | epode | W7 | |
| parodia | n.fem | parody | W7 | |
| tragoedia | n.fem | tragedy | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | hymnodia | n.fem | hymnody | W7 |
| melodia | n.fem | melody | W7 | |
| oda, ode | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC | |
| Medieval Latin: | monodia | n.fem | monody | W7 |
| Portuguese: | oda | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Spanish: | oda | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Old French: | melodie | n.fem | melody | W7 |
| Middle French: | comedie | n.fem | comedy | W7 |
| ode | n.fem | ode, song of praise | W7 | |
| tragédie | n.fem | tragedy | W7 | |
| Italian: | oda | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀείδω | vb | to sing | LRC |
| Greek: | ᾄδειν | vb | to sing | CDC |
| audē | n.fem | voice | W7 | |
| epōidos | adj | sung/said after | W7 | |
| kōmōidia | n.fem | comedy | W7 | |
| melōidia | n.fem | music, chanting, melody | W7 | |
| monōidia | n.fem | monody, act of singing alone | W7 | |
| monōidos | adj | singing alone | W7 | |
| parōidia | n.fem | parody | W7 | |
| rhapsōidia | n.fem | rhapsody: recitation of selections from epic poetry | W7 | |
| tragōidia | n.fem | tragedy | W7 | |
| hymnōidia | n.fem | hymnody | W7 | |
| ᾠδή, ἀοιδή | n | ode, song, strophe | CDC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Pali: | theravāda | n | doctrine of the elders | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |