Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 8. au̯-, au̯ēi- 'to perceive, understand, be aware of'
Semantic Field(s): to Know, to Understand
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | audience | n | audience | W7 |
audit | n | audit | W7 | |
ob(b)eien, ob(b)eyen | vb | to obey | CDC | |
oyez | vb.imp | oyez | W7 | |
English: | aesthetic | adj | artistic, re: beauty | AHD/W7 |
anesthesia | n | loss of sensation | AHD/W7 | |
audible | adj | (capable of being) heard | AHD/W7 | |
audience | n | act/state of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
audile | n | one whose mind favors auditory imagery | AHD/W7 | |
audio- | pfx | hearing | AHD/W7 | |
audit | n | hearing, audience | AHD/OED | |
audit | vb | to verify account via scrutiny | W7 | |
audition | n | power/sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
auditor | n | one who hears/listens | AHD/W7 | |
auditorium | n | place where listeners sit | AHD/W7 | |
auditory | adj | re: hearing | W7 | |
obedient | adj | submissive to command/restraint | CDC | |
obeisant | adj | respectful, submissive | CDC | |
obey | vb | to harken, listen to; serve, be subject to | CDC | |
oyez | vb.imp | attend! hear ye! (before court/public proclamation) | AHD/W7 | |
subaudition | n | act of intimating a thing expressed | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | ästhetisch | adj | aesthetic | W7 |
Audienz | n.fem | audience | LRC | |
auditiv | adj | auditory | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | audientia | n.fem | hearing, listening, attention | W7 |
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum | vb | to hear | LRC | |
auditio, auditionis | n.fem | hearing, listening | W7 | |
auditus, auditūs | n.masc | act of hearing | W7 | |
obædire, obedire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
oboedio, oboedire | vb | to obey, listen to | W7 | |
-oedire | vb | to hear | W7 | |
Late Latin: | audibilis | adj | audible | W7 |
auditorius | adj | auditory | CDC | |
obaudire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
subaudio, subaudīre, subauditus | vb | to understand | W7 | |
subauditio, subauditionis | n.fem | understanding | W7 | |
Middle Latin: | obedire | vb | to obey | CDC |
New Latin: | aestheticus | adj | aesthetic, re: sense perception | W7 |
anesthesia | n.fem | lack of feeling | W7 | |
Portuguese: | audiencia | n | audience | CDC |
obedecer | vb | to obey | CDC | |
obéir | vb | to obey | CDC | |
ouvir | vb | to hear | TLL | |
Spanish: | audiencia | n | audience | CDC |
obedecer | vb | to obey | CDC | |
oir | vb | to hear | TLL | |
Old French: | audience | n | audience | CDC |
obeir | vb | to obey | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | oir | vb | to hear | W7 |
oyez | vb.imp.pl | hear ye! | W7 | |
Middle French: | audience | n.fem | audience | W7 |
audition | n.fem | the act of hearing | W7 | |
French: | audience | n | audience | CDC |
ouïr | vb.arch | to hear | TLL | |
Italian: | audienz(i)a | n | audience | CDC |
obbedire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
udire | vb | to hear | TLL | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | aviti, avl'jǫ, aviši | vb.refl | to reveal | LRC |
javiti, jav'jǫ, javiši | vb | to appear | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | aisthanesthai | vb | to perceive | W7 |
aisthēsis | n.fem | perception | W7 | |
aisthētikos | adj | of sense perception | W7 | |
anaisthēsia | n.fem | insensibility | W7 | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | āvis | adj | evidently | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
arch | = | archaic |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
imp | = | imperative (mood) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
refl | = | reflexive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |