Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 8. au̯-, au̯ēi- 'to perceive, understand, be aware of'
Semantic Field(s): to Know, to Understand
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | audience | n | audience | W7 |
| audit | n | audit | W7 | |
| ob(b)eien, ob(b)eyen | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| oyez | vb.imp | oyez | W7 | |
| English: | aesthetic | adj | artistic, re: beauty | AHD/W7 |
| anesthesia | n | loss of sensation | AHD/W7 | |
| audible | adj | (capable of being) heard | AHD/W7 | |
| audience | n | act/state of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
| audile | n | one whose mind favors auditory imagery | AHD/W7 | |
| audio- | pfx | hearing | AHD/W7 | |
| audit | n | hearing, audience | AHD/OED | |
| audit | vb | to verify account via scrutiny | W7 | |
| audition | n | power/sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
| auditor | n | one who hears/listens | AHD/W7 | |
| auditorium | n | place where listeners sit | AHD/W7 | |
| auditory | adj | re: hearing | W7 | |
| obedient | adj | submissive to command/restraint | CDC | |
| obeisant | adj | respectful, submissive | CDC | |
| obey | vb | to harken, listen to; serve, be subject to | CDC | |
| oyez | vb.imp | attend! hear ye! (before court/public proclamation) | AHD/W7 | |
| subaudition | n | act of intimating a thing expressed | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | ästhetisch | adj | aesthetic | W7 |
| Audienz | n.fem | audience | LRC | |
| auditiv | adj | auditory | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | audientia | n.fem | hearing, listening, attention | W7 |
| audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum | vb | to hear | LRC | |
| auditio, auditionis | n.fem | hearing, listening | W7 | |
| auditus, auditūs | n.masc | act of hearing | W7 | |
| obædire, obedire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| oboedio, oboedire | vb | to obey, listen to | W7 | |
| -oedire | vb | to hear | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | audibilis | adj | audible | W7 |
| auditorius | adj | auditory | CDC | |
| obaudire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| subaudio, subaudīre, subauditus | vb | to understand | W7 | |
| subauditio, subauditionis | n.fem | understanding | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | obedire | vb | to obey | CDC |
| New Latin: | aestheticus | adj | aesthetic, re: sense perception | W7 |
| anesthesia | n.fem | lack of feeling | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | audiencia | n | audience | CDC |
| obedecer | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| obéir | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| ouvir | vb | to hear | TLL | |
| Spanish: | audiencia | n | audience | CDC |
| obedecer | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| oir | vb | to hear | TLL | |
| Old French: | audience | n | audience | CDC |
| obeir | vb | to obey | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | oir | vb | to hear | W7 |
| oyez | vb.imp.pl | hear ye! | W7 | |
| Middle French: | audience | n.fem | audience | W7 |
| audition | n.fem | the act of hearing | W7 | |
| French: | audience | n | audience | CDC |
| ouïr | vb.arch | to hear | TLL | |
| Italian: | audienz(i)a | n | audience | CDC |
| obbedire | vb | to obey | CDC | |
| udire | vb | to hear | TLL | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | aviti, avl'jǫ, aviši | vb.refl | to reveal | LRC |
| javiti, jav'jǫ, javiši | vb | to appear | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | aisthanesthai | vb | to perceive | W7 |
| aisthēsis | n.fem | perception | W7 | |
| aisthētikos | adj | of sense perception | W7 | |
| anaisthēsia | n.fem | insensibility | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | āvis | adj | evidently | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| imp | = | imperative (mood) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| refl | = | reflexive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |