Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 9. au̯(e)-, au̯ed-, au̯er- 'to wet, flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow, Water, Brook, Stream, River
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | u(i)sce | n | water | W7 |
| Scots Gaelic: | uisge | n | water | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | otor, ot(e)r | n.masc | otter | ASD/W7 |
| ūrig-feðera | adj | lit. dewey-feathered | LRC | |
| wæsce | n.fem | washing place | ASD | |
| wǣt | adj | wet | W7 | |
| wǣtan | vb.wk | to wet, moisten | ASD/W7 | |
| wæter | n.neut | water | LRC | |
| wascan, wæscan | vb | to wash | ASD/W7 | |
| wāse | n.fem | ooze, slime; wash: marsh | ASD | |
| waðum | n.masc | wave, sea | LRC | |
| winter | n.masc | winter, (cold half of) year | LRC | |
| winter-cearig | adj | sorrowful, lit. winter-caring | LRC | |
| Winter-fylleþ | prop.n | October, lit. winter-fills (month) | ASD | |
| ȳð | n.str.fem | wave | LRC | |
| Middle English: | aboundant | adj | abundant | AHD |
| abounden | vb | to abound | W7 | |
| diuretic | adj | diuretic | W7 | |
| oter | n | otter | W7 | |
| redounden | vb | to redound | W7 | |
| surrounden | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| urine | n | urine | W7 | |
| washen | vb | to wash | W7 | |
| wat, we(e)t | adj | wet | CDC | |
| water, watre, wæter, weter | n | water | CDC | |
| weten | vb | to wet | W7 | |
| winter, wynter | n | winter, (cold half of) year | CDC | |
| Ydra | prop.n | Hydra | W7 | |
| English: | abound | vb.intrans | to be present in great quantity/large numbers | AHD/W7 |
| abundant | adj | plentiful, abounding with | AHD | |
| anhydrous | adj | free from water, esp. water of crystallization | AHD/W7 | |
| Bywater | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| clepsydra | n | water clock | AHD/W7 | |
| diuretic | adj | tending to increase flow of urine | AHD/W7 | |
| Entwash | prop.n | Rohan river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| enuresis | n | incontinence/involuntary discharge of urine | AHD/W7 | |
| hydathode | n | plant epidermal structure for water exudation | AHD/W7 | |
| hydatid | n | kind of larval tapeworm | AHD/W7 | |
| Hydra | prop.n | many-headed water-serpent slain by Hercules | AHD/W7 | |
| hydrant | n | faucet, fireplug, water pipe with valve | AHD/W7 | |
| hydraulic | adj | re: water/liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| hydrilla | n | (type of) submersed Old World plant | AHD | |
| hydr(o)- | pfx | water, liquid | W7 | |
| hydrophobia | n | morbid fear of water | W7 | |
| hydrous | adj | re: water | AHD | |
| Hydrus | prop.n | Water Snake (constellation) | AHD | |
| inundate | vb.trans | to overflow, cover with flood | AHD/W7 | |
| kirschwasser | n | colorless cherry brandy | AHD | |
| Loudwater | prop.n | a.k.a. Bruinen River in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Midgewater | prop.n | marshes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| natriuresis | n | excretion of excessive sodium in urine | AHD | |
| nutria | n | coypu: South American aquatic rodent | AHD/W7 | |
| otter | n | aquatic fish-eating mammal related to minks/weasels | AHD/W7 | |
| redound | vb.intrans | to overflow, become swollen | AHD/W7 | |
| redundant | adj | superfluous, exceeding what is necessary/normal | AHD/W7 | |
| surround | vb.trans | to encompass, enclose on all sides | AHD/W7 | |
| undine | n | water nymph | AHD/W7 | |
| undulate | adj | having wavy surface/margin/markings | AHD/W7 | |
| undulate | vb | to fluctuate, form/move in waves | AHD/W7 | |
| ureter | n | duct carrying urine from kidney to bladder/cloaca | AHD/W7 | |
| urethra | n | canal carrying urine from bladder | AHD/W7 | |
| uretic | adj | urinary, re: urine | AHD | |
| -uria | n.sfx | presence of (specified substance) in urine | AHD/W7 | |
| urine | n | chief fluid excretory product of vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| usquebaugh | n | whiskey | AHD | |
| utricle | n | small pouches/saccate parts of animal/plant body | AHD/W7 | |
| vodka | n | unaged, colorless neutral spirit distilled liquor | AHD/W7 | |
| wash | n | act of washing; bog, marsh, ground washed by sea/river | W7 | |
| wash | vb | to lave, cleanse via water/liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| water | n | liquid that falls from clouds as rain | AHD/W7 | |
| wet, wet | vb | to make wet, cover/soak with water | AHD/W7 | |
| wet | adj | moist; containing, consisting of, or covered/soaked with liquid (water) | AHD/W7 | |
| Wetwang | prop.n | marshes a.k.a. Nindalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| whiskey | n | alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented grain | AHD | |
| winter | n | wet cold season between autumn/spring | AHD/W7 | |
| Winterfilth | prop.n | Shire calendar's October in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Wintring | prop.n | Bree calendar's October in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wēt, weit | adj | wet, damp, moist | ASD/CDC |
| weter | n.neut | water | ASD/CDC | |
| winter | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
| Dutch: | water | n | water | CDC |
| winter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
| Old Saxon: | ūðia | n.fem | wave | ASD |
| watar | n.neut | water | ASD/CDC | |
| wintar | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
| Old Low German: | wascan | vb | to wash | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | water | n | water | CDC |
| Low German: | winter | n | year, winter | CDC |
| Old High German: | ottar, oter | n | otter | ASD/W7 |
| unda | n.fem | wave | ASD | |
| waskan, wascan | vb | to wash | ASD/W7 | |
| wazzar | n.neut | water | ASD/W7 | |
| wintar | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
| Middle High German: | wazzer | n | water | CDC |
| winter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
| German: | Hydra | n.fem | Hydra | LRC |
| hydraulisch | adj | hydraulic | LRC | |
| Hydro- | n.pfx | hydro- | LRC | |
| Otter | n.masc | otter | LRC | |
| Urin | n.masc | urine | LRC | |
| Wasser | n.neut | water | CDC | |
| Winter | n.masc | winter | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | uintura | n.acc.pl | years, winters | GED |
| Old Norse: | uðr | n.fem | wave | LRC |
| vatn | n.neut | water; lake, river, waterway | LRC | |
| vātr | adj | wet | W7 | |
| vetr | n.masc | year, winter | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | vet(t)r, vittr | n.masc | year, winter | CDC/GED |
| Icelandic: | otr | n | otter | ASD |
| unnr, uðr | n.fem | wave | ASD | |
| vaska | vb | to wash | ASD | |
| vatn | n | water | CDC | |
| vātr | adj | wet, damp, moist | ASD/CDC | |
| vetr | n.masc | winter | ASD | |
| væta | vb | to wet | ASD | |
| Danish: | vaad | adj | wet | CDC |
| vand | n | water | CDC | |
| vinter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
| Swedish: | vatten | n | water | CDC |
| vinter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
| våt | adj | wet | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | wato | n | water | LRC |
| wintrus | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | utur | n | water | LRC |
| Latin: | abundo, abundāre | vb | to overflow | W7 |
| Aventinus, Aventini | prop.n.masc | Aventine (Hill, in Rome) | LRC | |
| clepsydra | n.fem | clepsydra | W7 | |
| Hydra | prop.n.fem | Hydra | W7 | |
| inundo, inundare, inundatus | vb | to flood | W7 | |
| lutra | n.fem | otter | W7 | |
| redundo, redundare | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| unda | n.fem | wave, water | GED | |
| undo, undare | vb | to wave, surge, undulate | LRC | |
| undula | n.fem | little wave | W7 | |
| undulatus | adj | wavy | W7 | |
| urina | n.fem | urine | W7 | |
| utriculus | n.masc | utricle | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | diureticus | adj | that provokes urination | W7 |
| superrundo, superundāre | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| undula | n.fem | small wave | W7 | |
| urethra | n.fem | urethra | W7 | |
| New Latin: | enuresis | n.fem | involuntary discharge of urine | W7 |
| Hydra | n.fem | (genus name) | W7 | |
| undina | n.fem | elemental being in theory of Paracelsus inhabiting water | W7 | |
| ureter | n.masc | duct from kidney to bladder | W7 | |
| -uria | sfx | urination | W7 | |
| Spanish: | nutria | n.fem | otter | W7 |
| Old French: | abondant | adj | abundant | AHD |
| Middle French: | abonder | vb | to abound | W7 |
| diurétique | adj | that provokes urination | W7 | |
| redonder | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| suronder | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| urine | n.fem | urine | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | unds | n.masc | water | GED |
| wundan | n.neut | water | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | vanduõ | n.fem | water | GED |
| Latvian: | ūdens | n.masc | water | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | voda | n.fem | water | LRC |
| Russian: | voda | n | water | W7 |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | ujë | n | water | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὕδρος | n.masc | water-snake | AHD/LS |
| Greek: | anydros | adj | dry | W7 |
| diourein | vb | to urinate | W7 | |
| diourētikos | adj | that provokes urination | W7 | |
| enourein | vb | to urinate in, wet the bed | W7 | |
| θησαυρός | n.masc | treasure | LRC | |
| klepsydra | n.fem | clepsydra | W7 | |
| ourein | vb | to urinate | W7 | |
| ourēthra | n.fem | urethra | W7 | |
| ourētēr | n.masc | ureter | W7 | |
| -ouria | afx | of urination | W7 | |
| ouron | n.neut | urine | W7 | |
| ὑδατ-, ὑδρ- | pfx | water | CDC | |
| hydatis, hydatid- | n.fem | watery cyst | W7 | |
| ὕδρα | prop.n.fem | Hydra | LRC | |
| ὕδωρ | n.neut | water | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | wātar, wedenas | n.neut | water | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | get | n | water, river | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | vaiδi | n | watercourse | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | udan | n | water | CDC |
| udnás | n | water | LRC | |
| unátti | vb | to flow, wet | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
