Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 9. au̯(e)-, au̯ed-, au̯er- 'to wet, flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow, Water, Brook, Stream, River
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | u(i)sce | n | water | W7 |
Scots Gaelic: | uisge | n | water | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | otor, ot(e)r | n.masc | otter | ASD/W7 |
ūrig-feðera | adj | lit. dewey-feathered | LRC | |
wæsce | n.fem | washing place | ASD | |
wǣt | adj | wet | W7 | |
wǣtan | vb.wk | to wet, moisten | ASD/W7 | |
wæter | n.neut | water | LRC | |
wascan, wæscan | vb | to wash | ASD/W7 | |
wāse | n.fem | ooze, slime; wash: marsh | ASD | |
waðum | n.masc | wave, sea | LRC | |
winter | n.masc | winter, (cold half of) year | LRC | |
winter-cearig | adj | sorrowful, lit. winter-caring | LRC | |
Winter-fylleþ | prop.n | October, lit. winter-fills (month) | ASD | |
ȳð | n.str.fem | wave | LRC | |
Middle English: | aboundant | adj | abundant | AHD |
abounden | vb | to abound | W7 | |
diuretic | adj | diuretic | W7 | |
oter | n | otter | W7 | |
redounden | vb | to redound | W7 | |
surrounden | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
urine | n | urine | W7 | |
washen | vb | to wash | W7 | |
wat, we(e)t | adj | wet | CDC | |
water, watre, wæter, weter | n | water | CDC | |
weten | vb | to wet | W7 | |
winter, wynter | n | winter, (cold half of) year | CDC | |
Ydra | prop.n | Hydra | W7 | |
English: | abound | vb.intrans | to be present in great quantity/large numbers | AHD/W7 |
abundant | adj | plentiful, abounding with | AHD | |
anhydrous | adj | free from water, esp. water of crystallization | AHD/W7 | |
Bywater | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
clepsydra | n | water clock | AHD/W7 | |
diuretic | adj | tending to increase flow of urine | AHD/W7 | |
Entwash | prop.n | Rohan river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
enuresis | n | incontinence/involuntary discharge of urine | AHD/W7 | |
hydathode | n | plant epidermal structure for water exudation | AHD/W7 | |
hydatid | n | kind of larval tapeworm | AHD/W7 | |
Hydra | prop.n | many-headed water-serpent slain by Hercules | AHD/W7 | |
hydrant | n | faucet, fireplug, water pipe with valve | AHD/W7 | |
hydraulic | adj | re: water/liquid | AHD/W7 | |
hydrilla | n | (type of) submersed Old World plant | AHD | |
hydr(o)- | pfx | water, liquid | W7 | |
hydrophobia | n | morbid fear of water | W7 | |
hydrous | adj | re: water | AHD | |
Hydrus | prop.n | Water Snake (constellation) | AHD | |
inundate | vb.trans | to overflow, cover with flood | AHD/W7 | |
kirschwasser | n | colorless cherry brandy | AHD | |
Loudwater | prop.n | a.k.a. Bruinen River in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Midgewater | prop.n | marshes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
natriuresis | n | excretion of excessive sodium in urine | AHD | |
nutria | n | coypu: South American aquatic rodent | AHD/W7 | |
otter | n | aquatic fish-eating mammal related to minks/weasels | AHD/W7 | |
redound | vb.intrans | to overflow, become swollen | AHD/W7 | |
redundant | adj | superfluous, exceeding what is necessary/normal | AHD/W7 | |
surround | vb.trans | to encompass, enclose on all sides | AHD/W7 | |
undine | n | water nymph | AHD/W7 | |
undulate | adj | having wavy surface/margin/markings | AHD/W7 | |
undulate | vb | to fluctuate, form/move in waves | AHD/W7 | |
ureter | n | duct carrying urine from kidney to bladder/cloaca | AHD/W7 | |
urethra | n | canal carrying urine from bladder | AHD/W7 | |
uretic | adj | urinary, re: urine | AHD | |
-uria | n.sfx | presence of (specified substance) in urine | AHD/W7 | |
urine | n | chief fluid excretory product of vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
usquebaugh | n | whiskey | AHD | |
utricle | n | small pouches/saccate parts of animal/plant body | AHD/W7 | |
vodka | n | unaged, colorless neutral spirit distilled liquor | AHD/W7 | |
wash | n | act of washing; bog, marsh, ground washed by sea/river | W7 | |
wash | vb | to lave, cleanse via water/liquid | AHD/W7 | |
water | n | liquid that falls from clouds as rain | AHD/W7 | |
wet, wet | vb | to make wet, cover/soak with water | AHD/W7 | |
wet | adj | moist; containing, consisting of, or covered/soaked with liquid (water) | AHD/W7 | |
Wetwang | prop.n | marshes a.k.a. Nindalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
whiskey | n | alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented grain | AHD | |
winter | n | wet cold season between autumn/spring | AHD/W7 | |
Winterfilth | prop.n | Shire calendar's October in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Wintring | prop.n | Bree calendar's October in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wēt, weit | adj | wet, damp, moist | ASD/CDC |
weter | n.neut | water | ASD/CDC | |
winter | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
Dutch: | water | n | water | CDC |
winter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
Old Saxon: | ūðia | n.fem | wave | ASD |
watar | n.neut | water | ASD/CDC | |
wintar | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
Old Low German: | wascan | vb | to wash | ASD |
Middle Low German: | water | n | water | CDC |
Low German: | winter | n | year, winter | CDC |
Old High German: | ottar, oter | n | otter | ASD/W7 |
unda | n.fem | wave | ASD | |
waskan, wascan | vb | to wash | ASD/W7 | |
wazzar | n.neut | water | ASD/W7 | |
wintar | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
Middle High German: | wazzer | n | water | CDC |
winter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
German: | Hydra | n.fem | Hydra | LRC |
hydraulisch | adj | hydraulic | LRC | |
Hydro- | n.pfx | hydro- | LRC | |
Otter | n.masc | otter | LRC | |
Urin | n.masc | urine | LRC | |
Wasser | n.neut | water | CDC | |
Winter | n.masc | winter | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | uintura | n.acc.pl | years, winters | GED |
Old Norse: | uðr | n.fem | wave | LRC |
vatn | n.neut | water; lake, river, waterway | LRC | |
vātr | adj | wet | W7 | |
vetr | n.masc | year, winter | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | vet(t)r, vittr | n.masc | year, winter | CDC/GED |
Icelandic: | otr | n | otter | ASD |
unnr, uðr | n.fem | wave | ASD | |
vaska | vb | to wash | ASD | |
vatn | n | water | CDC | |
vātr | adj | wet, damp, moist | ASD/CDC | |
vetr | n.masc | winter | ASD | |
væta | vb | to wet | ASD | |
Danish: | vaad | adj | wet | CDC |
vand | n | water | CDC | |
vinter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
Swedish: | vatten | n | water | CDC |
vinter | n | year, winter | CDC | |
våt | adj | wet | CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | wato | n | water | LRC |
wintrus | n.masc | year, winter | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Umbrian: | utur | n | water | LRC |
Latin: | abundo, abundāre | vb | to overflow | W7 |
Aventinus, Aventini | prop.n.masc | Aventine (Hill, in Rome) | LRC | |
clepsydra | n.fem | clepsydra | W7 | |
Hydra | prop.n.fem | Hydra | W7 | |
inundo, inundare, inundatus | vb | to flood | W7 | |
lutra | n.fem | otter | W7 | |
redundo, redundare | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
unda | n.fem | wave, water | GED | |
undo, undare | vb | to wave, surge, undulate | LRC | |
undula | n.fem | little wave | W7 | |
undulatus | adj | wavy | W7 | |
urina | n.fem | urine | W7 | |
utriculus | n.masc | utricle | W7 | |
Late Latin: | diureticus | adj | that provokes urination | W7 |
superrundo, superundāre | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
undula | n.fem | small wave | W7 | |
urethra | n.fem | urethra | W7 | |
New Latin: | enuresis | n.fem | involuntary discharge of urine | W7 |
Hydra | n.fem | (genus name) | W7 | |
undina | n.fem | elemental being in theory of Paracelsus inhabiting water | W7 | |
ureter | n.masc | duct from kidney to bladder | W7 | |
-uria | sfx | urination | W7 | |
Spanish: | nutria | n.fem | otter | W7 |
Old French: | abondant | adj | abundant | AHD |
Middle French: | abonder | vb | to abound | W7 |
diurétique | adj | that provokes urination | W7 | |
redonder | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
suronder | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
urine | n.fem | urine | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | unds | n.masc | water | GED |
wundan | n.neut | water | GED | |
Lithuanian: | vanduõ | n.fem | water | GED |
Latvian: | ūdens | n.masc | water | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | voda | n.fem | water | LRC |
Russian: | voda | n | water | W7 |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | ujë | n | water | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ὕδρος | n.masc | water-snake | AHD/LS |
Greek: | anydros | adj | dry | W7 |
diourein | vb | to urinate | W7 | |
diourētikos | adj | that provokes urination | W7 | |
enourein | vb | to urinate in, wet the bed | W7 | |
θησαυρός | n.masc | treasure | LRC | |
klepsydra | n.fem | clepsydra | W7 | |
ourein | vb | to urinate | W7 | |
ourēthra | n.fem | urethra | W7 | |
ourētēr | n.masc | ureter | W7 | |
-ouria | afx | of urination | W7 | |
ouron | n.neut | urine | W7 | |
ὑδατ-, ὑδρ- | pfx | water | CDC | |
hydatis, hydatid- | n.fem | watery cyst | W7 | |
ὕδρα | prop.n.fem | Hydra | LRC | |
ὕδωρ | n.neut | water | LRC | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | wātar, wedenas | n.neut | water | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | get | n | water, river | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | vaiδi | n | watercourse | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | udan | n | water | CDC |
udnás | n | water | LRC | |
unátti | vb | to flow, wet | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
acc | = | accusative (case) |
adj | = | adjective |
afx | = | affix |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |