Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhardhā 'beard'
Semantic Field(s): Beard
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Cornish: | barf | n | beard | CDC |
| Welsh: | barf | n | beard | CDC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beard | n.str.masc | beard | GED |
| Middle English: | barbe | n | barb, cutting edge; beard | MEV/W7 |
| barbel(le), barbylle | n | barbel | CDC/W7 | |
| barber, barb(o)ur, barbor | n | barber | CDC/W7 | |
| berd(e) | n | beard | MEV/W7 | |
| halberd | n | halberd, weapon | W7 | |
| English: | barb | n | hook, thorn | AHD/W7 |
| barbel | n | European freshwater fish | AHD/W7 | |
| barbellate | adj | re: short stiff-hooked hair | AHD/W7 | |
| barber | n | one who cuts/dresses hair | AHD/W7 | |
| barbette | n | shooting platform or earthen mound | AHD/W7 | |
| barbicel | n | small hook-bearing process on barbule of feather | AHD/W7 | |
| barbule | n | tiny barb | AHD | |
| beard | n | man's lower facial hair | AHD/W7 | |
| halberd | n | long-handled pike or battle-axe | AHD/W7 | |
| rebarbative | adj | crabbed, repellent | AHD/W7 | |
| Treebeard | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Fangorn in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | berd | n.str.masc | beard | GED |
| Frisian: | berd, bird | n.masc | beard | ASD |
| Dutch: | baard | n | beard | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | barda | n | beard | RPN |
| Middle Low German: | bard | n.str.masc | beard | GED |
| Old High German: | bart | n.str.masc | beard | GED |
| burst | n.str.fem | bristle | GED | |
| Middle High German: | bart | n | beard | CDC |
| German: | Barbe | n.fem | barbel | LRC |
| Bart | n.masc | beard | ASD | |
| Hellebarde | n.fem | halberd | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | barð | n.str.masc | beard | GED |
| barð | n.str.neut | edge | GED | |
| Icelandic: | bart | n.neut | beard | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *bards | n | beard | GED |
| Crimean Gothic: | *bart, bars | n | beard | CGo/GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | barba | n.fem | beard | GED |
| barbula | n.fem | little beard | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | barbellus | n.masc.dim | small beard | W7 |
| Middle Latin: | barbellus | n.dim | small barbel | CDC |
| barbus | n | barbel | CDC | |
| Medieval Latin: | barbātōr | n | barber | AHD |
| *barbellus | n.dim | barbel | AHD | |
| barbus | n | beard | AHD | |
| New Latin: | barbella | n.fem | short stiff hair | W7 |
| barbellatus | adj | barbellate | CDC | |
| barbicella | n.fem.dim | dim. | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | barba | n | beard | CDC |
| Spanish: | barba | n | beard | CDC |
| Old French: | barbe | n.fem | barb; beard | MEV |
| barbel | n | barbel | CDC | |
| barbeor, barbier | n | barber | CDC | |
| Anglo-French: | barbour | n | barber | CDC |
| Middle French: | barbe | n.fem | beard | W7 |
| barbel | n.masc | a kind of fish | W7 | |
| barbeor | n.masc | barber | W7 | |
| hallebarde | n.fem | weapon | W7 | |
| rébarbatif | adj | rebarbative | W7 | |
| rebarber | vb | to be repellent | W7 | |
| French: | barbe | n | beard | CDC |
| barbeau | n | barbel | CDC | |
| barbette | n.fem.dim | barbette | CDC | |
| barbier | n | barber | CDC | |
| rébarbatif | adj | rebarbative, unwelcoming | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | barba | n | beard | CDC |
| Italian: | barba | n | beard | CDC |
| barbiere | n | barber | CDC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | bordus | n | beard | GED |
| Lithuanian: | barzdà | n | beard | GED |
| Latvian: | bàrda | n | beard | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | broda | n | beard | CDC |
| Czech: | brada | n | beard | CDC |
| Serbian: | brada | n | beard | CDC |
| Old Church Slavonic: | brada | n | beard | GED |
| Russian: | boroda | n | beard | CDC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhr̥ṣṭí- | n.pfx | point | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
