Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhareku̯-, or bhereku̯- 'to farce, stuff full'
Semantic Field(s): Full
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | diafragma | n | diaphragm | W7 |
| farse | n | farce | W7 | |
| farsen | vb | to farce | W7 | |
| farsi | n | farcy | W7 | |
| farsin | n | farcy | W7 | |
| frequent | adj | frequent | W7 | |
| English: | diaphragm | n | body partition of muscle/connective tissue | AHD/W7 |
| farce | n | forcemeat, savory stuffing | AHD/W7 | |
| farce | vb.trans | to stuff, fill up | AHD/W7 | |
| farci | adj | stuffed (esp. with forcemeat) | AHD/W7 | |
| farcy | n | glanders: disease esp. of horses | AHD/W7 | |
| forcemeat | n | finely chopped highly seasoned meat/fish | W7 | |
| frequent | adj | thronged; common, usual | AHD/W7 | |
| infarct | n | area of tissue/organ necrosis due to circulation obstruction | AHD/W7 | |
| phragmites | n | perennial marsh/riverside reed | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Farce | n.fem | farce | LRC |
| Infarkt | n.masc | infarct | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | farcimen | n.neut | sausage | W7 |
| farcio, farcīre, farsus | vb | to farce | W7 | |
| frequens, frequentis | adj | that occurs often | W7 | |
| infarcio, infarcire, infarctus | vb | to stuff | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | farsa | vb.ptc.fem | stuffed | W7 |
| Late Latin: | farcimen | n.neut | cutaneous glanders | W7 |
| Middle French: | farce | n.fem | theater play, funny song | W7 |
| farcin | n.masc | farcy, stuffing | W7 | |
| farcir | vb | to put spices in chicken | W7 | |
| fréquent | adj | that occurs often | W7 | |
| French: | farci | vb.ptc | stuffed | W7 |
| farcir | vb | to stuff | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | diaphragma | n.neut | barricade, enclosure, diaphragm | W7 |
| diaphrassein | vb | to barricade | W7 | |
| phrassein | vb | to enclose | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
