Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhares- 'barley'
Semantic Field(s): Barley
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Cornish: | barliz | n | barley | CDC |
| Welsh: | barlys | n | barley | CDC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bærlic | adj | barley-like | W7 |
| bere | n.str.masc | barley | GED | |
| bereærn, bere(r)n, be(a)rn | n.neut | barn, lit. barley-place | ASD/W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | berern, bere-ern | n | barn, lit. barley-place | CDC |
| Middle English: | barly, barlich, berley | n | barley | CDC/W7 |
| bern, barn | n | barn | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | barley | n | cereal grass | AHD/W7 |
| Barliman | prop.n | Bree innkeeper in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| barn | n | farm building (for animals/harvested crops) | AHD/W7 | |
| farina | n | fine meal of vegetable matter | AHD/W7 | |
| farrago | n | mixture, confused collection | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | barlick | n | barley | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ber | n | barley | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | barr | n.str.neut | grain, barley | GED/RPN |
| Icelandic: | barlak | n | barley | CDC |
| Norwegian: | barr | n.neut | barley | ASD |
| Swedish: | barr | n.neut | barley | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *barizeins | adj | prepared from barley flour | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | far | n | spelt | GED |
| Umbrian: | far | n | spelt | GED |
| farsio | adj | re: grain | GED | |
| fasiu | adj | re: grain | GED | |
| Latin: | fār, farris | n.neut | spelt, grain | GED/RPN |
| farīna | n.fem | grain, flour, farina | GED | |
| farrago | n.fem | mixture, mixed fodder | W7 | |
| farrea | adj.fem | re: grain | GED | |
| Portuguese: | farinha | n | flour, farina | TLL |
| Spanish: | harina | n | flour, farina | TLL |
| French: | farine | n | flour, farina | TLL |
| Italian: | farina | n | flour, farina | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | brašьno | n | food | GED |
| Russian: | bórošno | n.neut | rye flour | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
