Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bherək̑-, bhrēk̑- 'to shine, glitter'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | brægd | adj | bent | ASD |
brægd | n.masc | fraud, deceit | ASD | |
bredan | vb | to braid | CDC | |
bregdan, brægd, brugdon, brogden | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | RPN | |
brīdel | n.masc | bridle | ASD/W7 | |
ūpbrēdan | vb | to upbraid, reproach | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | bra | n | brae | W7 |
bra(i)de, brayd | n | sudden movement, grievous onslaught | MEV | |
braiden, breiden, brayden | vb | to braid | CDC | |
breme, breem | n | bream | CDC/W7 | |
breyden | vb | to braid, weave, move suddenly | W7 | |
bridel, brydel | n | bridle | MEV/W7 | |
upbreyden | vb | to upbraid, scold severely | W7 | |
English: | brae | n | hillside, esp. along river | AHD/W7 |
braid | vb.trans | to twist (three/more strands) together | AHD/W7 | |
bream | n | European freshwater cyprinid fish | AHD/W7 | |
bridle | n | headstall/bit/reins with which horse is guided | AHD/W7 | |
upbraid | vb.trans | to find fault with, criticize severely | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | brida | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD |
Dutch: | brasem | n | bream | CDC |
breidel | n.masc | bridle | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | bregdan | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD |
bressemo | n | bream | CDC | |
Low German: | breiden | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD |
Old High German: | brahsima, brahsina | n | bream | CDC/W7 |
brettan | vb | to draw (a sword) | W7 | |
brittil | n.masc | bridle | ASD | |
Middle High German: | brasem, brahsen | n | bream | CDC |
brehen | vb | to twinkle, sparkle | RPN | |
German: | Brachse, Brasse | n.fem | bream | LRC |
Brachsen, Brassen | n.masc | bream | CDC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | bragða, bragðað | vb | to move, stir | LRC |
brā | n | eyelash | W7 | |
bregða | vb | to throw, draw (sword), move quickly | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | brjá | vb | to sparkle, flicker | RPN |
Icelandic: | bregða | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD |
Danish: | brasen | n | bream | CDC |
Old Swedish: | braxn | n | bream | CDC |
Swedish: | braxen | n | bream | CDC |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | bresme | n | bream | CDC |
French: | bréme | n | bream | CDC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | phorkon | adj | white; wrinkled | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bhrā́śate | vb | to shine, glitter | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |