Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bherək̑-, bhrēk̑- 'to shine, glitter'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brægd | adj | bent | ASD | 
| brægd | n.masc | fraud, deceit | ASD | |
| bredan | vb | to braid | CDC | |
| bregdan, brægd, brugdon, brogden | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | RPN | |
| brīdel | n.masc | bridle | ASD/W7 | |
| ūpbrēdan | vb | to upbraid, reproach | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | bra | n | brae | W7 | 
| bra(i)de, brayd | n | sudden movement, grievous onslaught | MEV | |
| braiden, breiden, brayden | vb | to braid | CDC | |
| breme, breem | n | bream | CDC/W7 | |
| breyden | vb | to braid, weave, move suddenly | W7 | |
| bridel, brydel | n | bridle | MEV/W7 | |
| upbreyden | vb | to upbraid, scold severely | W7 | |
| English: | brae | n | hillside, esp. along river | AHD/W7 | 
| braid | vb.trans | to twist (three/more strands) together | AHD/W7 | |
| bream | n | European freshwater cyprinid fish | AHD/W7 | |
| bridle | n | headstall/bit/reins with which horse is guided | AHD/W7 | |
| upbraid | vb.trans | to find fault with, criticize severely | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | brida | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD | 
| Dutch: | brasem | n | bream | CDC | 
| breidel | n.masc | bridle | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | bregdan | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD | 
| bressemo | n | bream | CDC | |
| Low German: | breiden | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD | 
| Old High German: | brahsima, brahsina | n | bream | CDC/W7 | 
| brettan | vb | to draw (a sword) | W7 | |
| brittil | n.masc | bridle | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | brasem, brahsen | n | bream | CDC | 
| brehen | vb | to twinkle, sparkle | RPN | |
| German: | Brachse, Brasse | n.fem | bream | LRC | 
| Brachsen, Brassen | n.masc | bream | CDC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bragða, bragðað | vb | to move, stir | LRC | 
| brā | n | eyelash | W7 | |
| bregða | vb | to throw, draw (sword), move quickly | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | brjá | vb | to sparkle, flicker | RPN | 
| Icelandic: | bregða | vb | to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate | ASD | 
| Danish: | brasen | n | bream | CDC | 
| Old Swedish: | braxn | n | bream | CDC | 
| Swedish: | braxen | n | bream | CDC | 
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | bresme | n | bream | CDC | 
| French: | bréme | n | bream | CDC | 
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | phorkon | adj | white; wrinkled | W7 | 
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhrā́śate | vb | to shine, glitter | RPN | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| trans | = | transitive | 
| vb | = | verb | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) | 
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |