Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dek̑m̥, dek̑m̥-t, dek̑u- 'ten, decade'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cēt | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE |
| dechmad | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| deich | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| Irish: | deich | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | deich | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC |
| Manx: | jeih | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC |
| Welsh: | cant | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE |
| dec | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| Gaulish: | decametos | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | eahtatīene | nbr.card | eighteen (8 + 10) | W7 |
| fēowertīene | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | W7 | |
| fēowertig | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED | |
| fēowertȳne | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | GED | |
| fīftēne | nbr.card | fifteen (5 + 10) | W7 | |
| hund | nbr.card/n.neut | hundred (100) | W7 | |
| hundred | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | EIE | |
| nigontīene | nbr.card | nineteen (9 + 10) | ASD/W7 | |
| pentecosten | n.masc | Pentecost | ASD/W7 | |
| seofontēne | nbr.card | seventeen (7 + 10) | W7 | |
| siex-hund | nbr.card | six hundred (600) | LRC | |
| sixtȳne, sixtīne | nbr.card | sixteen (6 + 10) | ASD/W7 | |
| -tēne | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| teo(ge)þa | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | ASD/W7 | |
| teo(go)þian | vb | to tithe | W7 | |
| tēon, tīen(e) | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| tēoþa | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| teoþung | n.fem | one tenth (1/10) | LRC | |
| -tīene | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| tīen(e) | nbr.card | ten (10) | W7 | |
| þrēotīne | nbr.card | thirteen (3 + 10) | W7 | |
| Middle English: | deca- | pfx | deca- | W7 |
| decade | n | decade | W7 | |
| Decembre | prop.n | December | W7 | |
| deen | n | dean | W7 | |
| denarius | n | denarius | W7 | |
| denere | n | denier | W7 | |
| dime | n | dime | W7 | |
| dozeine | n | dozen | W7 | |
| dyker | n | dicker | W7 | |
| eightetene | nbr.card | eighteen (8 + 10) | W7 | |
| fiftene | nbr.card | fifteen (5 + 10) | W7 | |
| fourtene | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | W7 | |
| hundred | nbr.card | hundred (100) | W7 | |
| nynetene | nbr.card | nineteen (9 + 10) | W7 | |
| Pentecost | prop.n | Pentecost | W7 | |
| seventene | nbr.card | seventeen (7 + 10) | W7 | |
| sixtene | nbr.card | sixteen (6 + 10) | W7 | |
| ten | nbr.card | ten (10) | W7 | |
| thrittene | nbr.card | thirteen (3 + 10) | W7 | |
| tithe | n | tithe | W7 | |
| tithen | vb | to tithe | W7 | |
| English: | cent | n | 1/100th of basic monetary unit | AHD/W7 |
| cental | n | short hundredweight | AHD/W7 | |
| centas | n | Lithuanian currency unit | AHD | |
| centavo | n | 1/100th of basic monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
| centenarian | adj/n | (re:) centennial, 100-year-old | AHD | |
| centenary | adj | centennial | AHD/W7 | |
| centennial | n | 100th anniversary (celebration) | AHD/W7 | |
| centesimal | adj | re: division into hundredths | AHD/W7 | |
| centi- | pfx | hundred | AHD/W7 | |
| centime | n | 1/100th of basic monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
| centner | n | Germanic unit of weight | AHD/W7 | |
| centum | adj | re: IE language group in which palatal stops did not become palatal/alveolar fricatives | AHD/W7 | |
| century | n | group/set of 100 | AHD/W7 | |
| cinquecento | n | 16th century, esp. re: Italian art | AHD/W7 | |
| dean | n | head of chapter of collegiate/cathedral church | AHD/W7 | |
| deca- | pfx | ten | AHD/W7 | |
| decade | n | group/set of 10 | AHD/W7 | |
| decagon | n | polygon of 10 sides/angles | AHD/W7 | |
| Decalogue | prop.n | the Ten Commandments | AHD | |
| December | prop.n | 12th month (in Gregorian calendar) | LRC | |
| decennary | adj/n | (re:) decennium | AHD | |
| decennium | n | 10-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| deci- | pfx | tenth part | AHD/W7 | |
| decimal | adj | numbered/proceeding by tens | AHD/W7 | |
| decimate | vb.trans | to select/kill every 10th man | AHD/W7 | |
| decussate | vb | to intersect | AHD/W7 | |
| denarius | n | small silver Roman coin | AHD/W7 | |
| denary | adj | tenfold, containing ten | AHD/CDC | |
| denier | n | small silver coin of France/western Europe | AHD/W7 | |
| dicker | n | number/quantity of 10, esp. hides/skins | AHD/W7 | |
| dime | n | small silver U.S. coin worth 1/10 dollar | AHD/W7 | |
| dinar | n | Arab/Damascan gold coin | AHD/CDC | |
| dodecagon | n | polygon of 12 sides/angles | AHD/W7 | |
| doyen | n | senior man in group | AHD/W7 | |
| dozen | n | twelve (12) | AHD/W7 | |
| duodecimal | adj | re: 12, scale of twelves | AHD/W7 | |
| eighteen | nbr.card | 18 | AHD/W7 | |
| fifteen | nbr.card | 15 | AHD/W7 | |
| fourteen | nbr.card | 14 | AHD/W7 | |
| hect(o)- | pfx | hundred | AHD | |
| hundred | nbr.card | 100 | AHD/W7 | |
| nineteen | nbr.card | 19 | AHD/W7 | |
| nonagenarian | n | person in his/her nineties | AHD/W7 | |
| octodecimo | n | eighteenmo: 1/18th sheet of paper | AHD/W7 | |
| octogenarian | n | person in his/her eighties | AHD/W7 | |
| Pentecost | prop.n | Judeo-Christian feast day, lit. 50th | AHD/W7 | |
| percent | adv | of each hundred | AHD/W7 | |
| qindarka | n.pl | Albanian currrency units | AHD | |
| quadricentenary | n/adj | fourth centennial; re: 400 years | AHD | |
| quattrocento | n | 15th century, esp. re: Italian art/literature | AHD/W7 | |
| quincentenary | n/adj | fifth centennial; re: 500 years | AHD | |
| quindecennial | adj | re: 15-year period | AHD | |
| quinquagenarian | n | person in his/her fifties | AHD | |
| quintal | n | 1/10 metric ton | AHD/W7 | |
| satem | adj | re: IE language group in which palatal stops became palatal/alveolar fricatives | AHD/W7 | |
| seicento | n | 17th century | AHD/W7 | |
| sen | n | cent, monetary unit | AHD | |
| seniti | n | cent, monetary unit | AHD | |
| Septuagint | prop.n | Greek Old Testament, lit. seventy (translators) | LRC | |
| seventeen | nbr.card | 17 | AHD/W7 | |
| sextodecimo | n | sixteenmo: 1/16th sheet of paper | AHD/W7 | |
| sixteen | nbr.card | 16 | AHD/W7 | |
| stotinka | n | Bulgarian currency unit | AHD | |
| ten | nbr.card | 10 | AHD/W7 | |
| tenfold | adj | 10 times the number/quantity | LRC | |
| tenth | nbr.ord | 10th | LRC | |
| thirteen | nbr.card | 13 | AHD/W7 | |
| tithe | n | 1/10 part paid as religious contribution | AHD/W7 | |
| tithe | vb | to give 1/10 part esp. for church support | AHD/W7 | |
| trecento | n | 14th century | AHD/W7 | |
| triskaidekaphobia | n | abnormal fear of number 13 | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fiortig | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED |
| fiuwertich | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED | |
| fiūwertīne | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | GED | |
| hund | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
| hundred, hunderd | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
| tian | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| tianda | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| -tine | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| Dutch: | honderd | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC |
| tien | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | hund | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD |
| hunderod | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | EIE | |
| tehan | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| tehando | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| tehan-fald | adj | ten-fold | GED | |
| -tein | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | tegede | n | tenth | W7 |
| Old High German: | fiorzehan | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | GED |
| fiorzug | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED | |
| hund, hunt | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE/IEW | |
| hundert | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
| -zehan | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| zehan | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| zehanto | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| zēnfalt | adj | ten-fold | GED | |
| Middle High German: | hundert | nbr.card | hundred (100) | IEW |
| techer | n | dicker | W7 | |
| German: | achzehn | nbr.card | eighteen (18) | LRC |
| dreizehn | nbr.card | thirteen (13) | LRC | |
| Dutzend | n.neut | dozen | LRC | |
| fünfzehn | nbr.card | fifteen (15) | LRC | |
| hundert | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC | |
| neunzehn | nbr.card | nineteen (19) | LRC | |
| sechzehn | nbr.card | sixteen (16) | LRC | |
| siebzehn | nbr.card | seventeen (17) | LRC | |
| vierzehn | nbr.card | fourteen (14) | LRC | |
| zehn | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hund-raþ | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | EIE/W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | fjōrirtiger | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED |
| fjōrtān | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | GED | |
| tīu | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| tīund | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| -tjān | card.sfx | -teen | GED | |
| Icelandic: | hundr | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD |
| hundrað | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
| Danish: | hundrede | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC |
| ti | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC | |
| Swedish: | hundra | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC |
| tio | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fidwor-taihun | nbr.card | fourteen (4 + 10) | GED |
| *fidwor-tigjus | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED | |
| *fimf-taihun | nbr.card | fifteen (5 + 10) | GED | |
| hund(a) | nbr.card/n.neut.pl | hundred (100) | ASD/GED | |
| taihun | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| taíhuntēhund | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *fiirdeiþien, furdei-thien | nbr.card | forty (40), lit. fourth ten | CGo/GED |
| sada | nbr.card | hundred (100) | CGo | |
| *treiþien, treithyen | nbr.card | thirty (30), lit. third ten | CGo | |
| *þiine, thiine | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| *þiinetria, thune-tria | nbr.card | thirteen (10 + 3) | CGo/GED | |
| *þiinetua, thune-tua | nbr.card | twelve (10 + 2) | CGo/GED | |
| *þiinita, thiin-ita | nbr.card | eleven (10 + 1) | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | dequrier | n | decade | GED |
| tekuries | n | decade | GED | |
| Latin: | centenarius | adj | of a hundred | W7 |
| centeni | adv | one hundred each | W7 | |
| centesimus | nbr.ord | hundredth | W7 | |
| centi- | pfx | hundred (100) | W7 | |
| centum | nbr.card.indec | hundred (100) | W7 | |
| centuria | n.fem | century, 100 soldiers | W7 | |
| decem | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| December | prop.n.masc | December, tenth month (in Roman calendar) | W7 | |
| decimo, decimare, decimavi, decimatus | vb | to take a tithe/tenth | W7 | |
| decimus, decima, decimum | adj/nbr.ord | tithe, 1/10 part; tenth (10th) | GED | |
| decuria | n.fem | decade, group/quantity of ten | GED | |
| decussis | n.masc | number ten, numeral X, intersection | W7 | |
| decussō, decussāre, decussavi, decussātus | vb | to cross in the shape of an X | W7 | |
| denarius | n.masc | containing ten; coin worth ten asses | W7 | |
| deni | adv | ten each | W7 | |
| duodecim | nbr.card | twelve (2 + 10) | W7 | |
| -ginta | sfx | multiplied by ten | W7 | |
| nonageni | adv | ninety each | W7 | |
| nonaginta | nbr.card | ninety (90) | W7 | |
| octodecim | nbr.card | eighteen (8 + 10) | W7 | |
| octodecimus | nbr.ord | eighteenth | W7 | |
| octogenarius | adj | containing eighty | W7 | |
| octogeni | adv | eighty each | W7 | |
| octoginta | nbr.card | eighty (80) | W7 | |
| septuaginta | n/nbr.card | Septuagint; seventy (70) | W7 | |
| vicenus, viceni | adj | twenty | LRC | |
| vicesimus, vicesima, vicesimum | nbr.ord | twentieth | LRC | |
| viginti | nbr.card | twenty (20) | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | centenarium | n.neut | centenary | W7 |
| decanus | n.masc | dean, chief of ten | W7 | |
| decas, decadis | n.fem | decade | W7 | |
| pentecoste | n.fem | Pentecost | W7 | |
| septuaginta | n/nbr.card | Septuagint; seventy (70) | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | decimalis | adj | re: tithe | W7 |
| New Latin: | decagonum | n.neut | decagon | W7 |
| decimalis | adj | re: tithe, tenth month | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | centavo | n.masc | type of coin | W7 |
| dez | nbr.card | ten | TLL | |
| Spanish: | diez | nbr.card | ten | TLL |
| Old French: | Decembre | prop.n.masc | December | W7 |
| dozaine | n.fem | dozen | W7 | |
| doze | nbr.card | twelve (12) | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cent | nbr.card | hundred (100) | W7 |
| décade | n.fem | decade | W7 | |
| deien | n.masc | dean | W7 | |
| denier | n.masc | coin | W7 | |
| dime | n.fem | a tithe | W7 | |
| French: | centi- | pfx | hundred | W7 |
| centime | n.masc | centime, 1/100 of a franc (French monetary unit) | W7 | |
| déci- | pfx | tenth | W7 | |
| dix | nbr.card | ten | TLL | |
| doyen | n.masc | dean | W7 | |
| Italian: | cinquecènto | nbr.card | five hundred (500) | CID/W7 |
| dieci | nbr.card | ten | TLL | |
| quattrocènto | nbr.card | four hundred (400) | W7 | |
| seicènto | nbr.card | six hundred (600) | W7 | |
| trecènto | nbr.card | three hundred (300) | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | dessīmts | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED |
| Lithuanian: | -dešimt | card.sfx | -ty | GED |
| dešim̃tas | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| dẽšimt(is) | n | decade | GED | |
| dešimtìs | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| šim̃tas | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC | |
| Latvian: | desmitais | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED |
| desmits | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| sìmts | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | desętъ | card.sfx | -ty | GED |
| desętъ | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| desętь | n | decade | GED | |
| desętь | nbr.card | ten (10) | LRC | |
| desętь | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| sŭto | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE | |
| Bulgarian: | sto | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE |
| stotinka | n | stotinka | AHD | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dhjetë | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δέκᾰ | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED |
| dekagōnon | n.neut | decagon | W7 | |
| δεκάς | n.fem | decade, group of ten | GED | |
| δέκατος | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| δώδεκα | nbr.card | twelve (2 + 10) | LRC | |
| dōdekagōnon | n.neut | dodecagon | W7 | |
| ἑκατόν | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC | |
| -konta | pfx | multiplied by ten | W7 | |
| pentēkonta | nbr.card | fifty (50) | W7 | |
| pentēkostē | n.fem | Pentecost, fiftieth day | W7 | |
| pentēkostos | nbr.ord | fiftieth (50th) | W7 | |
| τεσσεράκοντα | nbr.card | forty (40) | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Lycian: | sñta | n | unit of ten/hundred (10/100) | EIE |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | tasn | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dasəmō | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED |
| satəm | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dáśa | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED |
| daśát- | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| daśát(iṣ) | n | decade | GED | |
| daśamá | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| śatám | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | känte, kante | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE/IEW |
| śak | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| śkante | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
| Tocharian A: | känt | nbr.card | hundred (100) | EIE |
| śäk | nbr.card | ten (10) | GED | |
| skänt | nbr.ord | tenth (10th) | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| indec | = | indeclinable/anomalous |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
