Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhē(i)-, also dh-ei-? 'to suck, suckle'
Semantic Field(s): to Suck, Suckle
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | denaid | vb | to suck | RPN |
díth | vb.past.pass.ptc | sucked | RPN | |
English | ||||
Old English: | delu | n.fem | teat, nipple | GED |
dēon | vb | to suck | RPN | |
diend | n | suckling | RPN | |
finol, finul, fynel, fenol | n.masc | fennel | ASD | |
finugl, finu(g)le | n.fem | fennel | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | effeminate | adj | effeminate | W7 |
fecund | adj | fecund | W7 | |
felicite | n | felicity | W7 | |
femelle, female, femel | n | female | W7 | |
feminine | adj | feminine | W7 | |
fenel | n | fennel | W7 | |
fenugrek | n | fenugreek | W7 | |
filial | adj | filial | W7 | |
foun | n | fawn | W7 | |
infelicite | n | infelicity | W7 | |
English: | affiliate | n | affiliated person/organization | W7 |
affiliate | vb | to bring/receive into connection as branch/member | AHD/W7 | |
effeminate | adj | unmanly, having unsuitable feminine qualities | AHD/W7 | |
effete | adj | no longer fertile | AHD/W7 | |
endothelium | n | epithelium of mesoblastic origin | AHD/W7 | |
epithelium | n | membranous cellular tissue covering free surface/lining tube/cavity of animal body | AHD/W7 | |
fawn | n | young deer | AHD/W7 | |
fecund | adj | prolific/fruitful in offspring/vegetation | AHD/W7 | |
felicific | adj | causing/intended to cause happiness | AHD/W7 | |
felicitate | adj | made happy | AHD/W7 | |
felicity | n | happy | AHD/W7 | |
fellatio | n | oral stimulation of penis | AHD/W7 | |
female | n | sex that produces eggs/bears young | AHD/W7 | |
feme | n | wife, woman | AHD | |
feminine | adj | re: female | AHD/W7 | |
fennel | n | perennial European herb | AHD/W7 | |
fenugreek | n | leguminous annual Asiatic herb | AHD/W7 | |
fetal | adj | re: fetus | AHD/W7 | |
feticide | n | act/instance of killing fetus | AHD/W7 | |
fetus | n | unborn/unhatched vertebrate | AHD/W7 | |
filial | adj | re: son/daughter | AHD/W7 | |
filiate | vb | to determine paternity judicially | AHD | |
fils | n | son (vs. father with same given name) | AHD | |
finoc(c)hio | n | sweet fennel | AHD | |
infelicitous | adj | inappropriate in expression/application | W7 | |
infelicity | n | state/quality of being infelicitous | AHD/W7 | |
mesothelium | n | epithelium derived from mesoderm | AHD/W7 | |
sainfoin | n | Eurasian pink-flowered leguminous forage herb | AHD/W7 | |
superfetate | vb | to conceive again while pregnant | AHD/CDC | |
theelin | n | estrone | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Low German: | dīen, tīen | vb | to suckle | GED |
Low German: | daiern | vb | to raise on milk | GED/RPN |
Old High German: | fenachal, fenihil | n | fennel | ASD |
tāan, tāen | vb | to suckle | GED/RPN | |
tila | n.fem | teat | GED | |
Middle High German: | venchel | n.masc | fennel | ASD |
German: | Fenchel | n.masc | fennel | ASD |
Filiale | n.fem | branch, agency, chain store | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | dilkr | n.str.masc | young animal | GED |
Old Swedish: | dīa | vb | to suckle | GED |
dæggia | vb.wk | to suckle | GED/RPN | |
Swedish: | del | n | teat | GED |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *daddjan | vb.wk.I | to suckle | GED/RPN |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | effemino, effemināre, effeminavi, effeminatus | vb | to make effeminate | W7 |
effetus | adj | tired (by excesses/from giving birth) | W7 | |
fecundus | adj | fertile, fruitful | W7 | |
felicitas, felicitatis | n.fem | happiness | W7 | |
felix, felicis | adj | happy | W7 | |
fello, fellare, fellavi, fellatus | vb | to suck | W7 | |
felō, felāre | vb | to suck, suckle | RPN | |
femella | n.fem.dim | little girl | W7 | |
fēmina, fēminae | n.fem | female, woman | LRC | |
femininus | adj | feminine | W7 | |
feniculum | n.neut.dim | fennel | W7 | |
fēnum | n.neut | hay | AHD | |
fetus | adj | fruitful, pregnant | W7 | |
fetus | n.masc | brood, offspring; act of bearing young | W7 | |
fīlia | n.fem | daughter | RPN | |
fīlius, fīlii | n.masc | son | LRC | |
infelicitas | n.fem | infelicity | W7 | |
infelix, infelicis | adj | unhappy | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | feto, fetonis | n.masc | offspring | W7 |
Late Latin: | felicito, felicitāre, felicatāvī, felicitatus | vb | to make happy | W7 |
filialis | adj | filial | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | affiliō, affiliāre, affiliavi, affiliatus | vb | to adopt as son | W7 |
New Latin: | endothelium | n.neut | linings on inside of body | W7 |
epithelium | n.neut | covering of inner mouth | W7 | |
fellatio, fellationis | n.fem | fellatio | W7 | |
fetus | n.masc | embryo | W7 | |
mesothelium | n.neut | epithelium lining body cavities | W7 | |
Portuguese: | feno | n | hay | TLL |
filha | n | daughter | TLL | |
filho | n | son | TLL | |
Spanish: | heno | n | hay | TLL |
hija | n | daughter | TLL | |
hijo | n | son | TLL | |
Anglo-French: | feme | n | feme | AHD |
Middle French: | faon | n.masc | animal young | W7 |
fecond | adj | fertile | W7 | |
felicité | adj | felicity, happiness | W7 | |
femelle | n.fem | female, woman | W7 | |
feminin | adj | feminine | W7 | |
fenugrec | n.masc | fenugreek | W7 | |
feon | n.masc | animal young | W7 | |
sainfoin | n.masc | sainfoin | W7 | |
French: | femme | n | woman | TLL |
fille | n | daughter | TLL | |
fils | n.masc | son | AHD | |
foin | n | hay | TLL | |
sainfoin | n.masc | sainfoin (cultivated as cattle fodder) | W7 | |
Italian: | fieno | n | hay | TLL |
figlia | n | daughter | TLL | |
figlio | n | son | TLL | |
finocchio | n.masc | fennel, finochio | AHD | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | dadan | n | milk | RPN |
Lithuanian: | dėlė | n | leech | GED |
Latvian: | dêju, dêt | vb | to suck | GED/RPN |
dẽle | n | leech | GED | |
dēls | n | son | RPN | |
dīle | n | suckling calf | GED | |
Slavic | ||||
Serbo-Croatian: | dojka | n | breast | RPN |
dòjiti | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
Old Church Slavonic: | dojǫ, dojiti | vb | to suckle; to milk | GED/RPN |
děva | n | maiden, young girl | RPN | |
děvica | n.fem | girl, virgin | LRC | |
dětь | n | child | GED/RPN | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | dele | n | sheep | GED |
djathë | n | cheese | RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | θήνιον | n | milk | RPN |
Homeric Greek: | θῆλυς | adj | female | GED/RPN |
Greek: | θηλάζω | vb | to suckle | RPN |
θηλή | n | teat, nipple | RPN | |
θῆσθαι | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
Anatolian | ||||
Luwian: | ti-i-ta-ni | n.dat/loc | breast, teat | RPN |
ti-ta-i-(im-)me-iš | n | mother | RPN | |
Lycian: | tideimi- | n | child, son | RPN |
Hittite: | teta(n)-, tita(n) | n | breast, teat | RPN |
ti-ta-an-za | vb.ptc | sucking | RPN | |
*titiya- | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | diem | vb | to suck | GED/RPN |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | -dāenuš | n | female animal | GED |
Ossetic: | däïn | vb | to suck | RPN |
däyun | vb | to suck | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dháyati | vb | to suck, drink | GED/RPN |
dhātrī́ | n | nurse | RPN | |
dhāpáyate | vb.caus | to give suck, nourish | RPN | |
dhā́yas- | n | nourishing, refreshing | RPN | |
dhāyú-ḥ | n | voracious??? | RPN | |
dhārúṣ | vb.ptc | sucking | GED | |
dhenú-ḥ | n | milk | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
caus | = | causative |
dat | = | dative (case) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
loc | = | locative (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pass | = | passive (voice) |
past | = | past (tense) |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |