Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhē(i)-, also dh-ei-? 'to suck, suckle'
Semantic Field(s): to Suck, Suckle
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | denaid | vb | to suck | RPN |
| díth | vb.past.pass.ptc | sucked | RPN | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | delu | n.fem | teat, nipple | GED |
| dēon | vb | to suck | RPN | |
| diend | n | suckling | RPN | |
| finol, finul, fynel, fenol | n.masc | fennel | ASD | |
| finugl, finu(g)le | n.fem | fennel | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | effeminate | adj | effeminate | W7 |
| fecund | adj | fecund | W7 | |
| felicite | n | felicity | W7 | |
| femelle, female, femel | n | female | W7 | |
| feminine | adj | feminine | W7 | |
| fenel | n | fennel | W7 | |
| fenugrek | n | fenugreek | W7 | |
| filial | adj | filial | W7 | |
| foun | n | fawn | W7 | |
| infelicite | n | infelicity | W7 | |
| English: | affiliate | n | affiliated person/organization | W7 |
| affiliate | vb | to bring/receive into connection as branch/member | AHD/W7 | |
| effeminate | adj | unmanly, having unsuitable feminine qualities | AHD/W7 | |
| effete | adj | no longer fertile | AHD/W7 | |
| endothelium | n | epithelium of mesoblastic origin | AHD/W7 | |
| epithelium | n | membranous cellular tissue covering free surface/lining tube/cavity of animal body | AHD/W7 | |
| fawn | n | young deer | AHD/W7 | |
| fecund | adj | prolific/fruitful in offspring/vegetation | AHD/W7 | |
| felicific | adj | causing/intended to cause happiness | AHD/W7 | |
| felicitate | adj | made happy | AHD/W7 | |
| felicity | n | happy | AHD/W7 | |
| fellatio | n | oral stimulation of penis | AHD/W7 | |
| female | n | sex that produces eggs/bears young | AHD/W7 | |
| feme | n | wife, woman | AHD | |
| feminine | adj | re: female | AHD/W7 | |
| fennel | n | perennial European herb | AHD/W7 | |
| fenugreek | n | leguminous annual Asiatic herb | AHD/W7 | |
| fetal | adj | re: fetus | AHD/W7 | |
| feticide | n | act/instance of killing fetus | AHD/W7 | |
| fetus | n | unborn/unhatched vertebrate | AHD/W7 | |
| filial | adj | re: son/daughter | AHD/W7 | |
| filiate | vb | to determine paternity judicially | AHD | |
| fils | n | son (vs. father with same given name) | AHD | |
| finoc(c)hio | n | sweet fennel | AHD | |
| infelicitous | adj | inappropriate in expression/application | W7 | |
| infelicity | n | state/quality of being infelicitous | AHD/W7 | |
| mesothelium | n | epithelium derived from mesoderm | AHD/W7 | |
| sainfoin | n | Eurasian pink-flowered leguminous forage herb | AHD/W7 | |
| superfetate | vb | to conceive again while pregnant | AHD/CDC | |
| theelin | n | estrone | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Low German: | dīen, tīen | vb | to suckle | GED |
| Low German: | daiern | vb | to raise on milk | GED/RPN |
| Old High German: | fenachal, fenihil | n | fennel | ASD |
| tāan, tāen | vb | to suckle | GED/RPN | |
| tila | n.fem | teat | GED | |
| Middle High German: | venchel | n.masc | fennel | ASD |
| German: | Fenchel | n.masc | fennel | ASD |
| Filiale | n.fem | branch, agency, chain store | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | dilkr | n.str.masc | young animal | GED |
| Old Swedish: | dīa | vb | to suckle | GED |
| dæggia | vb.wk | to suckle | GED/RPN | |
| Swedish: | del | n | teat | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *daddjan | vb.wk.I | to suckle | GED/RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | effemino, effemināre, effeminavi, effeminatus | vb | to make effeminate | W7 |
| effetus | adj | tired (by excesses/from giving birth) | W7 | |
| fecundus | adj | fertile, fruitful | W7 | |
| felicitas, felicitatis | n.fem | happiness | W7 | |
| felix, felicis | adj | happy | W7 | |
| fello, fellare, fellavi, fellatus | vb | to suck | W7 | |
| felō, felāre | vb | to suck, suckle | RPN | |
| femella | n.fem.dim | little girl | W7 | |
| fēmina, fēminae | n.fem | female, woman | LRC | |
| femininus | adj | feminine | W7 | |
| feniculum | n.neut.dim | fennel | W7 | |
| fēnum | n.neut | hay | AHD | |
| fetus | adj | fruitful, pregnant | W7 | |
| fetus | n.masc | brood, offspring; act of bearing young | W7 | |
| fīlia | n.fem | daughter | RPN | |
| fīlius, fīlii | n.masc | son | LRC | |
| infelicitas | n.fem | infelicity | W7 | |
| infelix, infelicis | adj | unhappy | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | feto, fetonis | n.masc | offspring | W7 |
| Late Latin: | felicito, felicitāre, felicatāvī, felicitatus | vb | to make happy | W7 |
| filialis | adj | filial | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | affiliō, affiliāre, affiliavi, affiliatus | vb | to adopt as son | W7 |
| New Latin: | endothelium | n.neut | linings on inside of body | W7 |
| epithelium | n.neut | covering of inner mouth | W7 | |
| fellatio, fellationis | n.fem | fellatio | W7 | |
| fetus | n.masc | embryo | W7 | |
| mesothelium | n.neut | epithelium lining body cavities | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | feno | n | hay | TLL |
| filha | n | daughter | TLL | |
| filho | n | son | TLL | |
| Spanish: | heno | n | hay | TLL |
| hija | n | daughter | TLL | |
| hijo | n | son | TLL | |
| Anglo-French: | feme | n | feme | AHD |
| Middle French: | faon | n.masc | animal young | W7 |
| fecond | adj | fertile | W7 | |
| felicité | adj | felicity, happiness | W7 | |
| femelle | n.fem | female, woman | W7 | |
| feminin | adj | feminine | W7 | |
| fenugrec | n.masc | fenugreek | W7 | |
| feon | n.masc | animal young | W7 | |
| sainfoin | n.masc | sainfoin | W7 | |
| French: | femme | n | woman | TLL |
| fille | n | daughter | TLL | |
| fils | n.masc | son | AHD | |
| foin | n | hay | TLL | |
| sainfoin | n.masc | sainfoin (cultivated as cattle fodder) | W7 | |
| Italian: | fieno | n | hay | TLL |
| figlia | n | daughter | TLL | |
| figlio | n | son | TLL | |
| finocchio | n.masc | fennel, finochio | AHD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | dadan | n | milk | RPN |
| Lithuanian: | dėlė | n | leech | GED |
| Latvian: | dêju, dêt | vb | to suck | GED/RPN |
| dẽle | n | leech | GED | |
| dēls | n | son | RPN | |
| dīle | n | suckling calf | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Serbo-Croatian: | dojka | n | breast | RPN |
| dòjiti | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
| Old Church Slavonic: | dojǫ, dojiti | vb | to suckle; to milk | GED/RPN |
| děva | n | maiden, young girl | RPN | |
| děvica | n.fem | girl, virgin | LRC | |
| dětь | n | child | GED/RPN | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dele | n | sheep | GED |
| djathë | n | cheese | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | θήνιον | n | milk | RPN |
| Homeric Greek: | θῆλυς | adj | female | GED/RPN |
| Greek: | θηλάζω | vb | to suckle | RPN |
| θηλή | n | teat, nipple | RPN | |
| θῆσθαι | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | ti-i-ta-ni | n.dat/loc | breast, teat | RPN |
| ti-ta-i-(im-)me-iš | n | mother | RPN | |
| Lycian: | tideimi- | n | child, son | RPN |
| Hittite: | teta(n)-, tita(n) | n | breast, teat | RPN |
| ti-ta-an-za | vb.ptc | sucking | RPN | |
| *titiya- | vb | to suckle | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | diem | vb | to suck | GED/RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | -dāenuš | n | female animal | GED |
| Ossetic: | däïn | vb | to suck | RPN |
| däyun | vb | to suck | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dháyati | vb | to suck, drink | GED/RPN |
| dhātrī́ | n | nurse | RPN | |
| dhāpáyate | vb.caus | to give suck, nourish | RPN | |
| dhā́yas- | n | nourishing, refreshing | RPN | |
| dhāyú-ḥ | n | voracious??? | RPN | |
| dhārúṣ | vb.ptc | sucking | GED | |
| dhenú-ḥ | n | milk | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| caus | = | causative |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| loc | = | locative (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pass | = | passive (voice) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
