Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhei̯ə- : dhi̯ā- : dhī- 'to look, see, show'
Semantic Field(s): to Look, to See, to Show
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | theatre | n | theater | W7 |
English: | polysemous | adj | having multiple meanings | AHD/W7 |
semantic | adj | re: semantics | AHD/W7 | |
semantics | n | meaning in language | LRC | |
semaphore | n | apparatus for visual signaling | AHD/W7 | |
semasiology | n | study of semantics | AHD/W7 | |
sematic | adj | warning of danger | AHD/W7 | |
sememe | n | meaning expressed by morpheme | AHD | |
semiology | n | science/study of signs | AHD | |
semiotic | adj | re: semiotics | AHD | |
semiotics | n | theory of signs/symbols | AHD/W7 | |
theater | n | place/building for dramatic performances | W7 | |
zazen | n | seated meditation | AHD | |
Zen | prop.n | sect of Mahayana Buddhism | AHD/W7 | |
zen | n | religious meditation | LRC | |
British English: | theatre | n | theater | LRC |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | Theater | n | theater | TLL |
North Germanic | ||||
Danish: | teater | n | theater | TLL |
Swedish: | teater | n | theater | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | theātrum | n.neut | theater | CLD |
Late Latin: | polysemus | adj | polysemous | W7 |
Old French: | theatre | n | theater | LRC |
Middle French: | theatre | n | theater | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | σᾶμα | n | sign, mark, token | RPN |
Greek: | θαυμάζω | vb | to wonder | LRC |
θεάομαι | vb | to gaze at | LS | |
θέᾱτρον | n | theatre; place for seeing | LS | |
θεωρέω | vb | to see, view | LRC | |
θωμαστός | adj | wonderful | LRC | |
polysēmos | adj | polysemous | W7 | |
sēma, sēmatos | n.neut | sign | W7 | |
sēmainein | vb | to mean, signify | W7 | |
sēmasia | n.fem | meaning | W7 | |
σημεῖον | n.neut | sign, miracle | LRC | |
sēmeiousthai | vb | to interpret signs | W7 | |
sēmeiōtikos | adj | significant, observant of signs | W7 | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | daēman- | n | eye | RPN |
dā(y)- | vb | to see | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dī́dheti | vb | to think, reflect, perceive | RPN |
dhyāti | vb | to think, meditate | W7 | |
dhyā́yati | vb | to think, contemplate | RPN | |
Pali: | jhāna | n | zen, thinking | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |