Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: dhēig- : dhōig- : dhīg-   'to dig, plant, stab, stick'

Semantic Field(s): to Dig, Delve, to Press, Knife (tool)

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: dīc n.masc dike, ditch ASD/W7
Middle English: crucifien vb to crucify W7
dich n ditch W7
diggen vb to dig W7
dike n dike W7
fixen vb to fix W7
prefixen vb to prefix W7
English: affix vb.trans to fasten, attach physically AHD/W7
antefix n ornament at eaves of classical building AHD/W7
crucify vb.trans to kill by nailing/binding hands/feet to cross AHD/W7
dig, dug vb.str to delve, loosen/turn up/remove earth AHD/W7
dike n ditch, artificial watercourse AHD/W7
ditch n long narrow excavation for defense/drainage/irrigation AHD/W7
fibula n ancient Greek/Roman clasp resembling safety pin AHD
fichu n woman's light triangular scarf AHD/W7
finca n Spanish American rural property AHD
fishgig n pronged fish spear AHD
fix vb to make fast/firm/stable AHD/W7
fixate vb to fix, make fixed/unchanging AHD/W7
fixity n state/quality of being fixed/stable AHD/W7
fixture n act/process of making fast/firm/stable AHD/W7
infibulate vb.trans to clasp/buckle/button together AHD/W2I
infix vb.trans to fix/fasten by piercing/thrusting in AHD/W7
microfiche n card/sheet of microfilm AHD
prefix n morpheme bound/attached to beginning of word AHD/W7
prefix vb.trans to fix/appoint beforehand AHD/W7
suffix n morpheme bound/attached to end of word AHD/W7
transfix vb.trans to impale, pierce with pointed weapon AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: dik n.masc dike, dam ASD
Dutch: dijk n.masc dike ASD
Old Saxon: dīc n.masc dike, dam ASD
Middle High German: tīch n dike, pond W7
German: Deich n.masc dike, dam, embankment LRC
Teich n.masc pond LRC
North Germanic  
Old Icelandic: dīk(i) n dike LRC
Swedish: ficka n pocket TLL
Italic  
Latin: affigo, affigere, affixi, affixus vb to affix W7
antefigo, antefigere vb to fasten before W7
antefixus vb.ptc antefix, thing fixed in front W7
figo, figere, fixi, fixus vb to fix, pierce, fasten W7
finiō, finīre, finīvī, finītum vb to end, finish LRC
finis, finis n.masc end, limit, border LRC
infigo, infigere, infixi, infixus vb to fasten in W7
praefigo, praefigere, praefixi, praefixus vb to fasten before W7
praefixum n.neut prefix W7
suffigo, suffigere, suffixi, suffixus vb to fasten underneath W7
suffixum n.neut suffix W7
transfigo, transfigere, transfixi, transfixus vb to fasten across W7
Vulgar Latin: figico, figicare vb to pierce, fasten W7
Late Latin: crucifigo, crucifigere vb to crucify W7
fixura n.fem act of fixing/fastening W7
Medieval Latin: affixo, affixare vb to join, affix to W7
Old Spanish: fincar vb to reside, pitch tents AHD
Spanish: finca n real estate AHD
fisga n.fem fisga, barbed dart AHD
American Spanish: finca n finca: rural property AHD
Old French: crucifier vb to crucify W7
Middle French: fixer vb to fix W7
préfixer vb to add a prefix W7
French: ficher vb to stick in, throw on W7
fichu n.masc fichu, shawl W7
Italian: affinchè conj in order that TLL
finchè conj til TLL
fino adv until TLL
hacia adv/prep toward TLL
Baltic  
Old Prussian: digno n sword-handle LRC
Lithuanian: dáiktas n.masc thing LRC
dýgti vb to sprout LRC
Indic  
Sanskrit: dehī n.fem bank, mound, rampart ASD

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adv=adverb(ial)
conj=conjunction
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prep=preposition
ptc=participle
str=strong (inflection)
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I=Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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