Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhēigu̯- : dhōigu̯- : dhīgu̯- 'to dig, plant, stab, stick'
Semantic Field(s): to Dig, Delve, to Press, Knife (tool)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dīc | n.masc | dike, ditch | ASD/W7 | 
| Middle English: | crucifien | vb | to crucify | W7 | 
| dich | n | ditch | W7 | |
| diggen | vb | to dig | W7 | |
| dike | n | dike | W7 | |
| fixen | vb | to fix | W7 | |
| prefixen | vb | to prefix | W7 | |
| English: | affix | vb.trans | to fasten, attach physically | AHD/W7 | 
| antefix | n | ornament at eaves of classical building | AHD/W7 | |
| crucify | vb.trans | to kill by nailing/binding hands/feet to cross | AHD/W7 | |
| dig, dug | vb.str | to delve, loosen/turn up/remove earth | AHD/W7 | |
| dike | n | ditch, artificial watercourse | AHD/W7 | |
| ditch | n | long narrow excavation for defense/drainage/irrigation | AHD/W7 | |
| fibula | n | ancient Greek/Roman clasp resembling safety pin | AHD | |
| fichu | n | woman's light triangular scarf | AHD/W7 | |
| finca | n | Spanish American rural property | AHD | |
| fishgig | n | pronged fish spear | AHD | |
| fix | vb | to make fast/firm/stable | AHD/W7 | |
| fixate | vb | to fix, make fixed/unchanging | AHD/W7 | |
| fixity | n | state/quality of being fixed/stable | AHD/W7 | |
| fixture | n | act/process of making fast/firm/stable | AHD/W7 | |
| infibulate | vb.trans | to clasp/buckle/button together | AHD/W2I | |
| infix | vb.trans | to fix/fasten by piercing/thrusting in | AHD/W7 | |
| microfiche | n | card/sheet of microfilm | AHD | |
| prefix | n | morpheme bound/attached to beginning of word | AHD/W7 | |
| prefix | vb.trans | to fix/appoint beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
| suffix | n | morpheme bound/attached to end of word | AHD/W7 | |
| transfix | vb.trans | to impale, pierce with pointed weapon | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dik | n.masc | dike, dam | ASD | 
| Dutch: | dijk | n.masc | dike | ASD | 
| Old Saxon: | dīc | n.masc | dike, dam | ASD | 
| Middle High German: | tīch | n | dike, pond | W7 | 
| German: | Deich | n.masc | dike, dam, embankment | LRC | 
| Teich | n.masc | pond | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | dīk(i) | n | dike | LRC | 
| Swedish: | ficka | n | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | affigo, affigere, affixi, affixus | vb | to affix | W7 | 
| antefigo, antefigere | vb | to fasten before | W7 | |
| antefixus | vb.ptc | antefix, thing fixed in front | W7 | |
| figo, figere, fixi, fixus | vb | to fix, pierce, fasten | W7 | |
| finiō, finīre, finīvī, finītum | vb | to end, finish | LRC | |
| finis, finis | n.masc | end, limit, border | LRC | |
| infigo, infigere, infixi, infixus | vb | to fasten in | W7 | |
| praefigo, praefigere, praefixi, praefixus | vb | to fasten before | W7 | |
| praefixum | n.neut | prefix | W7 | |
| suffigo, suffigere, suffixi, suffixus | vb | to fasten underneath | W7 | |
| suffixum | n.neut | suffix | W7 | |
| transfigo, transfigere, transfixi, transfixus | vb | to fasten across | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | figico, figicare | vb | to pierce, fasten | W7 | 
| Late Latin: | crucifigo, crucifigere | vb | to crucify | W7 | 
| fixura | n.fem | act of fixing/fastening | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | affixo, affixare | vb | to join, affix to | W7 | 
| Old Spanish: | fincar | vb | to reside, pitch tents | AHD | 
| Spanish: | finca | n | real estate | AHD | 
| fisga | n.fem | fisga, barbed dart | AHD | |
| American Spanish: | finca | n | finca: rural property | AHD | 
| Old French: | crucifier | vb | to crucify | W7 | 
| Middle French: | fixer | vb | to fix | W7 | 
| préfixer | vb | to add a prefix | W7 | |
| French: | ficher | vb | to stick in, throw on | W7 | 
| fichu | n.masc | fichu, shawl | W7 | |
| Italian: | affinchè | conj | in order that | TLL | 
| finchè | conj | til | TLL | |
| fino | adv | until | TLL | |
| hacia | adv/prep | toward | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | digno | n | sword-handle | LRC | 
| Lithuanian: | dáiktas | n.masc | thing | LRC | 
| dýgti | vb | to sprout | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dehī | n.fem | bank, mound, rampart | ASD | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) | 
| conj | = | conjunction | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| prep | = | preposition | 
| ptc | = | participle | 
| str | = | strong (inflection) | 
| trans | = | transitive | 
| vb | = | verb | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) | 
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |