Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhēigu̯- : dhōigu̯- : dhīgu̯- 'to dig, plant, stab, stick'
Semantic Field(s): to Dig, Delve, to Press, Knife (tool)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | dīc | n.masc | dike, ditch | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | crucifien | vb | to crucify | W7 |
dich | n | ditch | W7 | |
diggen | vb | to dig | W7 | |
dike | n | dike | W7 | |
fixen | vb | to fix | W7 | |
prefixen | vb | to prefix | W7 | |
English: | affix | vb.trans | to fasten, attach physically | AHD/W7 |
antefix | n | ornament at eaves of classical building | AHD/W7 | |
crucify | vb.trans | to kill by nailing/binding hands/feet to cross | AHD/W7 | |
dig, dug | vb.str | to delve, loosen/turn up/remove earth | AHD/W7 | |
dike | n | ditch, artificial watercourse | AHD/W7 | |
ditch | n | long narrow excavation for defense/drainage/irrigation | AHD/W7 | |
fibula | n | ancient Greek/Roman clasp resembling safety pin | AHD | |
fichu | n | woman's light triangular scarf | AHD/W7 | |
finca | n | Spanish American rural property | AHD | |
fishgig | n | pronged fish spear | AHD | |
fix | vb | to make fast/firm/stable | AHD/W7 | |
fixate | vb | to fix, make fixed/unchanging | AHD/W7 | |
fixity | n | state/quality of being fixed/stable | AHD/W7 | |
fixture | n | act/process of making fast/firm/stable | AHD/W7 | |
infibulate | vb.trans | to clasp/buckle/button together | AHD/W2I | |
infix | vb.trans | to fix/fasten by piercing/thrusting in | AHD/W7 | |
microfiche | n | card/sheet of microfilm | AHD | |
prefix | n | morpheme bound/attached to beginning of word | AHD/W7 | |
prefix | vb.trans | to fix/appoint beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
suffix | n | morpheme bound/attached to end of word | AHD/W7 | |
transfix | vb.trans | to impale, pierce with pointed weapon | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | dik | n.masc | dike, dam | ASD |
Dutch: | dijk | n.masc | dike | ASD |
Old Saxon: | dīc | n.masc | dike, dam | ASD |
Middle High German: | tīch | n | dike, pond | W7 |
German: | Deich | n.masc | dike, dam, embankment | LRC |
Teich | n.masc | pond | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | dīk(i) | n | dike | LRC |
Swedish: | ficka | n | TLL | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | affigo, affigere, affixi, affixus | vb | to affix | W7 |
antefigo, antefigere | vb | to fasten before | W7 | |
antefixus | vb.ptc | antefix, thing fixed in front | W7 | |
figo, figere, fixi, fixus | vb | to fix, pierce, fasten | W7 | |
finiō, finīre, finīvī, finītum | vb | to end, finish | LRC | |
finis, finis | n.masc | end, limit, border | LRC | |
infigo, infigere, infixi, infixus | vb | to fasten in | W7 | |
praefigo, praefigere, praefixi, praefixus | vb | to fasten before | W7 | |
praefixum | n.neut | prefix | W7 | |
suffigo, suffigere, suffixi, suffixus | vb | to fasten underneath | W7 | |
suffixum | n.neut | suffix | W7 | |
transfigo, transfigere, transfixi, transfixus | vb | to fasten across | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | figico, figicare | vb | to pierce, fasten | W7 |
Late Latin: | crucifigo, crucifigere | vb | to crucify | W7 |
fixura | n.fem | act of fixing/fastening | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | affixo, affixare | vb | to join, affix to | W7 |
Old Spanish: | fincar | vb | to reside, pitch tents | AHD |
Spanish: | finca | n | real estate | AHD |
fisga | n.fem | fisga, barbed dart | AHD | |
American Spanish: | finca | n | finca: rural property | AHD |
Old French: | crucifier | vb | to crucify | W7 |
Middle French: | fixer | vb | to fix | W7 |
préfixer | vb | to add a prefix | W7 | |
French: | ficher | vb | to stick in, throw on | W7 |
fichu | n.masc | fichu, shawl | W7 | |
Italian: | affinchè | conj | in order that | TLL |
finchè | conj | til | TLL | |
fino | adv | until | TLL | |
hacia | adv/prep | toward | TLL | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | digno | n | sword-handle | LRC |
Lithuanian: | dáiktas | n.masc | thing | LRC |
dýgti | vb | to sprout | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dehī | n.fem | bank, mound, rampart | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
conj | = | conjunction |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |