Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ei-s-, ei-n- 'ice, frost'
Semantic Field(s): Ice, Frost
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | īs | n.str.neut | ice; (name for) I-rune | GED |
| īs-ceald | adj | ice-cold | LRC | |
| īsig | adj | icy | GED | |
| Middle English: | is | n | ice | W7 |
| English: | ice | n | frozen water | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | īs | n.neut | ice | ASD |
| Dutch: | ijs | n | ice | TLL |
| Middle Low German: | īs | n.str.neut | ice | GED |
| Old High German: | īs | n.str.neut | ice | GED |
| German: | Eis | n.neut | ice | ASD |
| eisig | adj | icy | LRC | |
| eiskalt | adj | ice-cold | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *isa | n | ice; (name for) I-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | íss | n.str.masc | ice, icicle | LRC |
| Icelandic: | īss | n.masc | ice | ASD |
| Danish: | is | n | ice | TLL |
| Swedish: | is | n | ice | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | iiz | n | ice; (name for) I-rune | GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ýnis | n | ice, frost | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | inej | n | snow flurry | GED |
| Russian: | inej- | n | ice, frost | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | aēxa | n | ice, frost | GED |
| isu- | adj | icy, cold | GED | |
| Ossetic: | ix, yex | n | ice | GED |
| Pamir: | īš | adj | icy, cold | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
