Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ger-, gere-   'to cram, collect, put together'

Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect, to Join, Unite

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Welsh: gre n herd RPN
English  
Old English: crammian vb to cram, stuff RPN
Middle English: aggregat adj aggregate W7
allegorie n allegory W7
congregaten vb to congregate W7
crammen vb to cram W7
English: aggregate adj formed into mass/body/amount by collection of units/particles AHD/W7
agora n assembly, marketplace, gathering place AHD/W7
agoraphobia n abnormal fear of crossing/being in open spaces AHD/W7
allegory n expression of truths/generalizations via symbolic fictional figures/actions AHD/W7
category n general class to which something belongs AHD/W7
congregate vb to assemble, collect into group/crowd AHD/W7
cram vb to jam, pack tight AHD/W7
egregious adj distinguished AHD/W7
gregarious adj social, associating with others AHD/W7
panegyric n eulogistic oration/writing AHD/W7
segregate vb to isolate, separate/set apart from others/general mass AHD/W7
North Germanic  
Old Icelandic: kremja vb to squeeze (esp. berries) RPN
Italic  
Latin: aggrego, aggregare, aggregavi, aggregatus vb to add to, gather together W7
allegoria n.fem allegory W7
congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatus vb to collect into a flock W7
egregius adj remarkable, illustrious W7
gregarius adj re: group/herd W7
grex, gregis n.masc flock, group, herd RPN
panegyricus n.masc praise, laudatory song/speech W7
segrego, segregare, segregavi, segregatus vb to cast apart W7
Late Latin: categoria n.fem category W7
New Latin: agoraphobia n.fem fear of crowds W7
Baltic  
Latvian: gùrste n bundle of flax RPN
Slavic  
Polish: garnąć vb to gather RPN
Russian: gorst’ n cupped hand RPN
Ukrainian: (pry)hortáty vb to clasp RPN
Hellenic  
Greek: ἀγείρω vb to gather, collect RPN
agora n.fem agora, public place W7
agorein vb to speak publicly W7
agyris n.fem assembly W7
allēgorein vb to speak figuratively W7
allēgoria n figurative speech W7
katēgorein vb to accuse, affirm, predicate W7
katēgoria n.fem affirmation, category W7
panēgyrikos n.masc praise, laudative song or speech W7
panēgyris n.fem festival assembly W7
Indic  
Sanskrit: grā́ma-ḥ n heap, crowd, community RPN

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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