Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ger-, gere- 'to cram, collect, put together'
Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect, to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | gre | n | herd | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | crammian | vb | to cram, stuff | RPN |
| Middle English: | aggregat | adj | aggregate | W7 |
| allegorie | n | allegory | W7 | |
| congregaten | vb | to congregate | W7 | |
| crammen | vb | to cram | W7 | |
| English: | aggregate | adj | formed into mass/body/amount by collection of units/particles | AHD/W7 |
| agora | n | assembly, marketplace, gathering place | AHD/W7 | |
| agoraphobia | n | abnormal fear of crossing/being in open spaces | AHD/W7 | |
| allegory | n | expression of truths/generalizations via symbolic fictional figures/actions | AHD/W7 | |
| category | n | general class to which something belongs | AHD/W7 | |
| congregate | vb | to assemble, collect into group/crowd | AHD/W7 | |
| cram | vb | to jam, pack tight | AHD/W7 | |
| egregious | adj | distinguished | AHD/W7 | |
| gregarious | adj | social, associating with others | AHD/W7 | |
| panegyric | n | eulogistic oration/writing | AHD/W7 | |
| segregate | vb | to isolate, separate/set apart from others/general mass | AHD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | kremja | vb | to squeeze (esp. berries) | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aggrego, aggregare, aggregavi, aggregatus | vb | to add to, gather together | W7 |
| allegoria | n.fem | allegory | W7 | |
| congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatus | vb | to collect into a flock | W7 | |
| egregius | adj | remarkable, illustrious | W7 | |
| gregarius | adj | re: group/herd | W7 | |
| grex, gregis | n.masc | flock, group, herd | RPN | |
| panegyricus | n.masc | praise, laudatory song/speech | W7 | |
| segrego, segregare, segregavi, segregatus | vb | to cast apart | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | categoria | n.fem | category | W7 |
| New Latin: | agoraphobia | n.fem | fear of crowds | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | gùrste | n | bundle of flax | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | garnąć | vb | to gather | RPN |
| Russian: | gorst’ | n | cupped hand | RPN |
| Ukrainian: | (pry)hortáty | vb | to clasp | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀγείρω | vb | to gather, collect | RPN |
| agora | n.fem | agora, public place | W7 | |
| agorein | vb | to speak publicly | W7 | |
| agyris | n.fem | assembly | W7 | |
| allēgorein | vb | to speak figuratively | W7 | |
| allēgoria | n | figurative speech | W7 | |
| katēgorein | vb | to accuse, affirm, predicate | W7 | |
| katēgoria | n.fem | affirmation, category | W7 | |
| panēgyrikos | n.masc | praise, laudative song or speech | W7 | |
| panēgyris | n.fem | festival assembly | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | grā́ma-ḥ | n | heap, crowd, community | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
