Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑hē-, g̑hēi- 'to lack, be empty; leave, go out'
Semantic Field(s): Empty, to Leave, Relinquish
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | āgān | vb | to go | W7 |
| āncra | n.masc | hermit, anchorite | ASD | |
| forgān | vb | to pass by, forgo | W7 | |
| gād, gǣd | n.str.neut | lack, want | GED | |
| gǣsne, gesne, gēsine | adj | barren, wanting, deprived of | ASD/RPN | |
| gān | vb.anom | to go, walk, move | IEW | |
| Middle English: | ago | adj/adv | ago | W7 |
| agon | vb | to pass away | W7 | |
| aire | n | heir | MEV | |
| algate | adv | in all ways, at any rate | MEV | |
| algatis | adv | continually | MEV | |
| anchorite, ancres | n | anchorite(s) | MEV/W7 | |
| enheriten | vb | to inherit, make heir | W7 | |
| forgon | vb.anom | to forgo | W7 | |
| gait | n | gait | W7 | |
| gangrel | adj/n | vagrant; vagabond | OED | |
| gate | n | gate | W7 | |
| gon | vb.anom | to go | W7 | |
| heir | n | heir | W7 | |
| heritage | n | heritage | W7 | |
| English: | ago | adj/adv | gone by, before present time | AHD/W7 |
| anchorite | n | religious recluse, one who lives alone | AHD/W7 | |
| -chore | n.sfx | plant distributed by some agency | AHD/W7 | |
| choripetalous | adj | polypetalous | AHD/W7 | |
| chorography | n | art of mapping/describing region/district | AHD/W7 | |
| forego | vb.anom | to precede, go before | AHD/W7 | |
| forgo | vb.anom.trans | to forsake | AHD/W7 | |
| gait | n | manner of walking/moving on foot | AHD/W7 | |
| gangrel | adj/n | term re: Gollum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| gate | n.arch | way, path | AHD/W7 | |
| ga(u)ntlet | n | double file of armed men striking person running between | AHD/W7 | |
| go, gone | vb.anom | to proceed, move on course | AHD/W7 | |
| heir | n | one entitled to inherit property | AHD/W7 | |
| hereditament | n | heritable property | AHD/W7 | |
| heredity | n | inheritance | AHD/W7 | |
| heritage | n | property that descends to heir | AHD/W7 | |
| inherit | vb | to receive, come into possession of | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | gangrel | n | drifter, vagabond | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | gād | n | need | GED |
| gān | vb | to go | IEW | |
| Frisian: | gean | vb | to go | ASD |
| Dutch: | gaan | vb | to go | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | GED |
| meti-gēd(e)ono | n.gen.pl | of famines | GED | |
| Low German: | ga(a)n, gaen | vb | to go | ASD |
| Old High German: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | GED/RPN |
| gaza | n.fem | street | ASD | |
| gazza | n | gate, road | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | ASD |
| gazze | n.fem | gate, narrow road | ASD | |
| German: | Gasse | n.fem | gate, thoroughfare, narrow road | ASD |
| gehen | vb.str | to go, walk | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gata | n | gate, road | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | gā | vb | to go | GED |
| Icelandic: | gata | n.fem | gate | ASD |
| Old Danish: | gā | vb | to go | IEW |
| Danish: | gaa, gaæ | vb | to go | ASD/GED |
| Old Swedish: | gā | vb | to go | IEW |
| Swedish: | gata | n.fem | street | ASD |
| gå | vb | to go | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gaidw | n.neut | lack, want | GED/RPN |
| gatwo | n.fem | street | ASD | |
| Crimean Gothic: | geen | vb | to go | IEW |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | chorographia | n.fem | chorography | W7 |
| hereditas, hereditatis | n.fem | heredity | W7 | |
| hērēs, hēredis | n.masc/fem | heir(ess) | GED/RPN | |
| Late Latin: | anchōrēta | n | anchorite | AHD |
| heredito, hereditāre | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
| inheredito, inhereditāre | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | anchōrīta | n | anchorite | AHD |
| hereditamentum | n.neut | hereditament | W7 | |
| Old French: | (h)eir | n | heir | MEV |
| Middle French: | enheriter | vb | to make heir | W7 |
| heredité | n.fem | heredity | W7 | |
| heritage | n.masc | heritage, heirloom | W7 | |
| heriter | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Ionic: | χήρη | adj/n | bereft of husband; widow | RPN |
| Attic: | κιγχάνω | vb | to reach, meet with, arrive at | RPN |
| χατέω | vb | to crave, have need of, lack | RPN | |
| χατίζω | vb | to crave, have need of, lack | RPN | |
| χατίζων | n | poor needy person | RPN | |
| χῆρα | adj/n | bereft of husband; widow | RPN | |
| χῆρος | adj | widowed, bereaved | RPN | |
| χήτει | adv.dat | in lack of | RPN | |
| χωρέω | vb | to make room for another | RPN | |
| χῶρος | n | place, (piece of) ground | RPN | |
| Greek: | anachōrein | vb | to withdraw | W7 |
| kichanein | vb | to reach, attain | W7 | |
| κιχήμεναι | vb | to find | GED | |
| χᾶτέω | vb | to lack, crave, long for | GED | |
| χήρα | n | widow | GED | |
| χῆρος | adj | bereaved, deprived of | GED | |
| χώρα | n.fem | land, country; space, room | GED | |
| chōrein | vb | to go, withdraw | W7 | |
| χωρίζω | vb | to separate | LRC | |
| χωρίς | prep | apart | LRC | |
| chōros | n.masc | place | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | anachōrētēs | n.masc | person who retires from the world | W7 |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | za-zāmi | vb | to release | GED/RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | já-hāti | vb | to leave, abandon | GED/RPN |
| hāniṣ | n.fem | loss, abandonment, deprivation | GED/RPN | |
| hāpayati | vb.caus | to cause to leave; to be wanting | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
| arch | = | archaic |
| caus | = | causative |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |