Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑hē-, g̑hēi- 'to lack, be empty; leave, go out'
Semantic Field(s): Empty, to Leave, Relinquish
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | āgān | vb | to go | W7 |
āncra | n.masc | hermit, anchorite | ASD | |
forgān | vb | to pass by, forgo | W7 | |
gād, gǣd | n.str.neut | lack, want | GED | |
gǣsne, gesne, gēsine | adj | barren, wanting, deprived of | ASD/RPN | |
gān | vb.anom | to go, walk, move | IEW | |
Middle English: | ago | adj/adv | ago | W7 |
agon | vb | to pass away | W7 | |
aire | n | heir | MEV | |
algate | adv | in all ways, at any rate | MEV | |
algatis | adv | continually | MEV | |
anchorite, ancres | n | anchorite(s) | MEV/W7 | |
enheriten | vb | to inherit, make heir | W7 | |
forgon | vb.anom | to forgo | W7 | |
gait | n | gait | W7 | |
gangrel | adj/n | vagrant; vagabond | OED | |
gate | n | gate | W7 | |
gon | vb.anom | to go | W7 | |
heir | n | heir | W7 | |
heritage | n | heritage | W7 | |
English: | ago | adj/adv | gone by, before present time | AHD/W7 |
anchorite | n | religious recluse, one who lives alone | AHD/W7 | |
-chore | n.sfx | plant distributed by some agency | AHD/W7 | |
choripetalous | adj | polypetalous | AHD/W7 | |
chorography | n | art of mapping/describing region/district | AHD/W7 | |
forego | vb.anom | to precede, go before | AHD/W7 | |
forgo | vb.anom.trans | to forsake | AHD/W7 | |
gait | n | manner of walking/moving on foot | AHD/W7 | |
gangrel | adj/n | term re: Gollum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
gate | n.arch | way, path | AHD/W7 | |
ga(u)ntlet | n | double file of armed men striking person running between | AHD/W7 | |
go, gone | vb.anom | to proceed, move on course | AHD/W7 | |
heir | n | one entitled to inherit property | AHD/W7 | |
hereditament | n | heritable property | AHD/W7 | |
heredity | n | inheritance | AHD/W7 | |
heritage | n | property that descends to heir | AHD/W7 | |
inherit | vb | to receive, come into possession of | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | gangrel | n | drifter, vagabond | AHD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | gād | n | need | GED |
gān | vb | to go | IEW | |
Frisian: | gean | vb | to go | ASD |
Dutch: | gaan | vb | to go | ASD |
Old Saxon: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | GED |
meti-gēd(e)ono | n.gen.pl | of famines | GED | |
Low German: | ga(a)n, gaen | vb | to go | ASD |
Old High German: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | GED/RPN |
gaza | n.fem | street | ASD | |
gazza | n | gate, road | W7 | |
Middle High German: | gān, gēn | vb | to go | ASD |
gazze | n.fem | gate, narrow road | ASD | |
German: | Gasse | n.fem | gate, thoroughfare, narrow road | ASD |
gehen | vb.str | to go, walk | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | gata | n | gate, road | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | gā | vb | to go | GED |
Icelandic: | gata | n.fem | gate | ASD |
Old Danish: | gā | vb | to go | IEW |
Danish: | gaa, gaæ | vb | to go | ASD/GED |
Old Swedish: | gā | vb | to go | IEW |
Swedish: | gata | n.fem | street | ASD |
gå | vb | to go | GED | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | gaidw | n.neut | lack, want | GED/RPN |
gatwo | n.fem | street | ASD | |
Crimean Gothic: | geen | vb | to go | IEW |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | chorographia | n.fem | chorography | W7 |
hereditas, hereditatis | n.fem | heredity | W7 | |
hērēs, hēredis | n.masc/fem | heir(ess) | GED/RPN | |
Late Latin: | anchōrēta | n | anchorite | AHD |
heredito, hereditāre | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
inheredito, inhereditāre | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | anchōrīta | n | anchorite | AHD |
hereditamentum | n.neut | hereditament | W7 | |
Old French: | (h)eir | n | heir | MEV |
Middle French: | enheriter | vb | to make heir | W7 |
heredité | n.fem | heredity | W7 | |
heritage | n.masc | heritage, heirloom | W7 | |
heriter | vb | to inherit | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Ionic: | χήρη | adj/n | bereft of husband; widow | RPN |
Attic: | κιγχάνω | vb | to reach, meet with, arrive at | RPN |
χατέω | vb | to crave, have need of, lack | RPN | |
χατίζω | vb | to crave, have need of, lack | RPN | |
χατίζων | n | poor needy person | RPN | |
χῆρα | adj/n | bereft of husband; widow | RPN | |
χῆρος | adj | widowed, bereaved | RPN | |
χήτει | adv.dat | in lack of | RPN | |
χωρέω | vb | to make room for another | RPN | |
χῶρος | n | place, (piece of) ground | RPN | |
Greek: | anachōrein | vb | to withdraw | W7 |
kichanein | vb | to reach, attain | W7 | |
κιχήμεναι | vb | to find | GED | |
χᾶτέω | vb | to lack, crave, long for | GED | |
χήρα | n | widow | GED | |
χῆρος | adj | bereaved, deprived of | GED | |
χώρα | n.fem | land, country; space, room | GED | |
chōrein | vb | to go, withdraw | W7 | |
χωρίζω | vb | to separate | LRC | |
χωρίς | prep | apart | LRC | |
chōros | n.masc | place | W7 | |
Late Greek: | anachōrētēs | n.masc | person who retires from the world | W7 |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | za-zāmi | vb | to release | GED/RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | já-hāti | vb | to leave, abandon | GED/RPN |
hāniṣ | n.fem | loss, abandonment, deprivation | GED/RPN | |
hāpayati | vb.caus | to cause to leave; to be wanting | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
arch | = | archaic |
caus | = | causative |
dat | = | dative (case) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |