Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. g̑her-, and g̑herə-, g̑hrē- 'to beam, shine, shimmer'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | gerr | adj | short | RPN |
gerraim | vb | to shorten, cut off | RPN | |
English | ||||
Old English: | grǣg, grēg | adj | gray | ASD/W7 |
grǣg-hama | adj/n.wk.masc | gray-coated (one, i.e. wolf) | ASD | |
Middle English: | ambregris | n | ambergris | W7 |
gray | adj | re: color gray | W7 | |
grisel | adj | grizzled | W7 | |
English: | ambergris | n | waxy substance floating in tropical waters | AHD/W7 |
gray | adj | re: color gray | AHD/W7 | |
greige | adj | undyed, unbleached | AHD/W9 | |
Greyflood | prop.n | Eriador river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Greyhame | prop.n | epithet for Gandalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
greyhound | n | tall slender dog (breed): swift, graceful, smooth-coated | AHD/W7 | |
grisaille | n | gray monochrome painting | AHD/W7 | |
griseofulvin | n | antibiotic for fungal infections | AHD/W9 | |
griseous | adj | grizzled, mottled in color | AHD/W7 | |
grisette | n | young working-class woman | AHD/W7 | |
grison | n | gray S American carnivore | AHD | |
grizzle | n | gray hair | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | grē | adj | gray | ASD |
Old High German: | crisil | adj | gray | AHW |
grāo, grāw | adj | gray | ASD/W7 | |
German: | grau | adj | gray | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | grār | adj | gray | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | gris | adj | gray | AHD |
Middle French: | gris, grisel | adj | gray | W7 |
French: | grisaille | n | grisaille | W7 |
grisette | n | grisette | W7 | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | zьrěti, zьr'jǫ, zьriši | vb | to see | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | hrásati | vb | to become short/small | RPN |
hrasvá-ḥ | adj | short, small | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
AHW | = | Rudolf Schützeichel: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch (1981) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |