Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghredh- 'to stride, march'
Semantic Field(s): to Walk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | agreen | vb | to agree | W7 |
| degraden | vb | to degrade | W7 | |
| degree | n | degree | W7 | |
| gree | n | gree | W7 | |
| green | vb | to gree | W7 | |
| ingredient | n | ingredient | W7 | |
| ingress | n | ingress | W7 | |
| progress | n | progress | W7 | |
| regress | n | regress | W7 | |
| retrograde | adj | retrograde | W7 | |
| English: | aggress | vb | to commit aggression | AHD/W7 |
| aggression | n | attack, offensive action/procedure | W7 | |
| centigrade | adj | re: thermometric scale with water's freezing/boiling interval divided into 100 degrees | AHD/W7 | |
| congress | n | act/action of meeting/coming together | AHD/W7 | |
| degrade | vb | to demote, lower in grade/rank/status | AHD/W7 | |
| degree | n | stair, step | AHD/W7 | |
| degression | n | descent by steps/stages | AHD | |
| digress | vb.intrans | to turn aside from main topic/argument | AHD/W7 | |
| egress | n | act/right of going/coming out | AHD/W7 | |
| grade | n | stage in process | AHD/W7 | |
| gradual | adj | proceeding by steps/degrees | AHD/W7 | |
| gradual | n | response/versicle following Mass epistle | W7 | |
| graduate | n/adj | (one) holding academic degree/diploma | AHD/W7 | |
| graduate | vb | to grant academic degree/diploma | W7 | |
| gree | vb.dial | to agree | AHD/W7 | |
| gressorial | adj | adapted for walking | AHD/W7 | |
| ingredient | n | constituent, component part of compound/mixture/combination | AHD/W7 | |
| ingress | n | entrance, act of entering | AHD/W7 | |
| introgression | n | ingress, going in | AHD/W2I | |
| pinnigrade | adj | walking by means of flippers/finlike organs | AHD | |
| plantigrade | adj | walking on sole with heel touching ground | AHD/W7 | |
| progress | n | royal tour/journey marked by pomp/pageant | AHD/W7 | |
| regress | n | withdrawal, act/privilege of going/coming back | AHD/W7 | |
| retrograde | adj | having opposite direction w.r.t. motion of similar bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| retrograde | vb | to reverse, turn back | AHD/W7 | |
| retrogress | vb.intrans | to revert, move backward | AHD/W7 | |
| tardigrade | n | microscopic arthropod having 4 pairs of legs | AHD/W7 | |
| transgress | vb | to violate, go beyond set/prescribed limits | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | gree | n | mastery, superiority | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Grad | n.neut | degree | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adgredior, adgredi, adgressus | vb.dep | to attack, aggress | AHD/CLD |
| congredior, congredi, congressus | vb.dep | to come together | W7 | |
| digredior, digredi, digressus | vb.dep | to depart, separate | W7 | |
| egredior, egredi, egressus | vb.dep | to go out | W7 | |
| egressus, egressūs | n.masc | action of going out | W7 | |
| gradior, gradi, gressus | vb.dep | to go, step | W7 | |
| gradus, gradūs | n.masc | step, grade, degree | LRC | |
| ingrediens, ingredientis | adj/vb.ptc | entering | W7 | |
| ingredior, ingredi, ingressus | vb | to go into | W7 | |
| ingressus, ingressūs | n.masc | a going into | W7 | |
| progredior, progredi, progressus | vb | to go forth | W7 | |
| progressus, progressūs | n.masc | advance | W7 | |
| regredior, regredi, regressus | vb | to go back | W7 | |
| regressus, regressūs | n.masc | a stepping back | W7 | |
| retrogradior, retrogradi, retrogressus | vb.dep | to go/step back | W7 | |
| retrogradus | adj | going back | W7 | |
| tardigradus | adj | slow-moving | W7 | |
| trangredior, transgredi, transgressus | vb.dep | to step across/beyond | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | degradus | n.masc | degree, (stair)step | W7 |
| Late Latin: | degrado, degradāre | vb | to lower someone's rank | W7 |
| Middle French: | degrader | vb | to rot, decay | W7 |
| gré | n.masc | will, pleasure | W7 | |
| French: | aggresser | vb | to aggress | AHD |
| centigrade | n.masc | divided into 100 degrees | R1/W7 | |
| -grade | sfx | re: steps/walking | W7 | |
| grade | n.masc | step, degree | W7 | |
| plantigrade | adj | re: walking on sole of foot | W7 | |
| transgresser | vb | to transgress | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | gridyti | vb | to go, wander | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | gręsti, grędǫ, grędeši | vb | to come, walk | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |