Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kēi- 'to move, set in motion'
Semantic Field(s): to Move
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | behǣs | n | promise | W7 |
| behātan | vb | to promise | W7 | |
| hǣs | n.fem | hest | ASD/W7 | |
| hātan, heht, hēton, hāten | vb.str.VII | to call, name; order, command; promise | LRC | |
| Middle English: | behest | n | behest | W7 |
| exciten | vb | to excite | W7 | |
| hest, hes | n | hest | W7 | |
| hight | vb | to be called | W7 | |
| hoten | vb.past.ptc | called, named | W7 | |
| English: | behest | n | demand, command | AHD/W7 |
| bradykinin | n | biologically active polypeptide | AHD | |
| cinema | n | cinematograph | W7 | |
| cinematograph | n | motion-picture camera/projector/theater | AHD/W7 | |
| cite | vb.trans | to summon to appear in court | AHD/W7 | |
| excite | vb.trans | to call to activity | AHD/W7 | |
| hest | n | percept, command | AHD/W7 | |
| hight | adj | called, named | AHD/W7 | |
| incite | vb.trans | to stir up/spur on/move to action | AHD/W7 | |
| kinematics | n | dynamics dealing with motion | AHD/W7 | |
| kinesics | n | study of nonlinguistic bodily communication | AHD | |
| kinesiology | n | study of principles of mechanics/anatomy re: human movement | AHD/W7 | |
| -kinesis | n.sfx | division | AHD/W7 | |
| kinesthesia | n | sense mediated by organs in muscles/tendons/joints stimulated by movement/tension | AHD/W7 | |
| kinetic | adj | re: motion of material bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| oscitancy | n | act of gaping/yawning | AHD | |
| resuscitate | vb | to revive from unconsciousness/apparent death | AHD/W7 | |
| telekinesis | n | production of motion without physical means | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | cinema | n | motion picture | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hēta | vb | to call, name; command; promise | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | hētan | vb | to call, name; promise | ASD |
| Old High German: | heiz(z)an | vb | to call, name; command; promise | ASD/W7 |
| German: | heissen | vb | to call, be called | ASD |
| Kino | n | cinema | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | heita | vb | to call, name, be called/named | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | háitan | vb.str.VII | to call | LRC |
| haiti | n | hest | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cieo, ciēre | vb | to move | W7 |
| ciereo, ciēre | vb | to stir, move | W7 | |
| cito, citāre | vb | to put in motion, rouse, summon | W7 | |
| citus | adj | fast | W7 | |
| cunctus, cuncta, cunctum | adj | all | LRC | |
| excito, excitare | vb | to excite | W7 | |
| incito, incitare | vb | to incite, hasten, urge on | W7 | |
| resuscito, resuscitare, resuscitavi, resuscitatus | vb | to stir up again | W7 | |
| suscito, suscitare | vb | to stir up | W7 | |
| New Latin: | -kinesis | sfx | movement | W7 |
| kinesthesia | n.fem | kinesthesia, sensory experience | W7 | |
| telekinesis | n.fem | moving objects from afar via mental powers | W7 | |
| Middle French: | citer | vb | to cite, summon, quote | W7 |
| exciter | vb | to excite | W7 | |
| inciter | vb | to incite | W7 | |
| French: | cinématique | n.fem | kinematics | W7 |
| cinématographe | n.masc | cinematograph | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | çoj | vb | to send | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kinein | vb | to move | W7 |
| kinēma, kinēmatos | n.neut | movement | W7 | |
| kinēsis | n.fem | motion | W7 | |
| kinētikos | adj | kinetic | W7 | |
| kinētos | adj | moving | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ertʿam | vb | to go, set out | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VII | = | class 7 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |