Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑ers- 'to run, course'
Semantic Field(s): to Run
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | carr | n | vehicle | W7 |
| Middle Welsh: | carr | n | vehicle | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hors-þegn | n.str.masc | horse-thane | LRC |
| Middle English: | carien | vb | to carry | W7 |
| carken | vb | to cark | W7 | |
| carpenter | n | carpenter | W7 | |
| carre | n | car | W7 | |
| chargen | vb | to charge | W7 | |
| chariot | n | chariot | W7 | |
| concourse | n | concourse | W7 | |
| concurren | vb | to concur | W7 | |
| course | n | course | W7 | |
| courser | n | courser | W7 | |
| curraunt | adj | current | W7 | |
| dischargen | vb | to discharge | W7 | |
| discours | n | discourse | W7 | |
| intercurse | n | intercourse | W7 | |
| recours | n | recourse | W7 | |
| recurren | vb | to recur | W7 | |
| succur | n | succor | W7 | |
| English: | car | n | vehicle on wheels | AHD/W7 |
| career | n | passage, course | AHD/W7 | |
| cargo | n | freight, goods/merchandise conveyed in/on vehicle | AHD/W7 | |
| caricature | n | exaggeration via distortion of parts/characteristics | AHD/W7 | |
| cariole | n | light one-horse carriage | AHD/W7 | |
| cark | vb | to worry | AHD/W7 | |
| caroche | n | stately/luxurious personal carriage | AHD/W7 | |
| carpenter | n | workman who builds/repairs wooden structures/structural parts | AHD/W7 | |
| carry | vb | to transport, move while supporting | AHD/W7 | |
| charge | vb | to load, lay/put load on/in | AHD/W7 | |
| chariot | n | light 2/4-wheeled carriage | AHD/W7 | |
| concourse | n | merging/coming together | AHD/W7 | |
| concur | vb.intrans | to meet, come together | AHD/W7 | |
| corral | n | pen/enclosure for confining/capturing livestock | AHD/W7 | |
| corrida | n | bullfight | AHD/W7 | |
| corrido | n | Mexican ballad/folksong | AHD | |
| corridor | n | passageway into which rooms/compartments open | AHD/W7 | |
| corsair | n | pirate, privateer | AHD/W7 | |
| courante | n | Italian dance featuring quick running steps | AHD/W7 | |
| courier | n | messenger | AHD/W7 | |
| course | n | (moving in) path connecting points | AHD/W7 | |
| course | vb | to run, charge, pursue (game) | W7 | |
| courser | n | charger, swift/spirited horse | W7 | |
| current | adj | flowing, running | AHD/W7 | |
| cursive | adj | running, coursing | AHD/W7 | |
| cursor | n.obs | runner | AHD/W2I | |
| curule | adj | re: seat reserved for highest dignitaries | AHD/W7 | |
| decurrent | adj | extending downward from place of insertion | AHD/CDC | |
| discharge | vb | to relieve of charge/load/burden | AHD/W7 | |
| discourse | n | rationality, capacity of orderly thought/procedure | AHD/W7 | |
| excursion | n | expedition, going out/forth | AHD/W7 | |
| horse | n | fast, solid-hoofed herbivorous mammal | LRC | |
| hussar | n | light cavalry horseman | AHD/W7 | |
| incur | vb.trans | to meet with (e.g. loss/inconvenience) | AHD/W7 | |
| intercourse | n | communication, connection between groups/persons | AHD/W7 | |
| kraal | n | rural village | AHD | |
| occur | vb.intrans | to appear, be found/met with | AHD/W7 | |
| percurrent | adj | running through entire length | AHD/CDC | |
| precursor | n | one that precedes/indicates approach of another | AHD/W7 | |
| recourse | n | turning to someone/something for help/protection | AHD/W7 | |
| recur | vb.intrans | to resort, have recourse | AHD/W7 | |
| succor | n | relief | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Afrikaans: | kraal | n | kraal, corral | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hross | n.neut | horse | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | carpentarius | n.masc | carriage maker | W7 |
| carra | n.fem | chariot | W7 | |
| carrum | n.neut | chariot | W7 | |
| carrus | n.masc | chariot, of Celtic origin | W7 | |
| concurro, concurrere, concucurri, concursus | vb | to run together | W7 | |
| concursus | n.masc | circuit, itinerary | W7 | |
| curro, currere, cucurri, cursus | vb | to course | W7 | |
| currulis | adj | re: chariot | W7 | |
| currus, currūs | n.masc | cart, chariot | LRC | |
| cursus, cursūs | n.masc | course, rapid/running motion | LRC | |
| discurro, discurrere, discucurri, discursus | vb | to run about | W7 | |
| discursus | n.masc | act of running about | W7 | |
| excurro, excurrere, excucurri, excursus | vb | to extend, run out | W7 | |
| excursio, excursionis | n.fem | attack, act of running out, beginning of speech | W7 | |
| incurro, incurrere | vb | to run into | W7 | |
| intercurro, intercurrere, intercucurri, intercursus | vb | to run between | W7 | |
| intercursus | n.masc | act of running between | W7 | |
| occurro, occurrere | vb | to run towards | W7 | |
| praecurro, praecurrere, praecucurri, praecursus | vb | to run before | W7 | |
| praecursor | n.masc | precursor | W7 | |
| recurro, recurrere, recucurri, recursus | vb | to run back, happen again | W7 | |
| recursus | n.masc | act of running back | W7 | |
| succurro, succurrere, succucurri, succursus | vb | to run up/to help | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | carrico, carricāre | vb | to load, charge | W7 |
| disarrico, discarricāre | vb | to unload | W7 | |
| discursus | n.masc | speech, argument, conversation | W7 | |
| recursus | n.masc | recourse | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | carraria | n.fem | vehicular road | W7 |
| cursarius | adj | re: course | W7 | |
| cursivus | adj | running, cursive writing | W7 | |
| discursus | n.masc | argument | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | curral | n | corral | AHD |
| Spanish: | cargo | n.masc | load, cargo | W7 |
| corral | n.masc | enclosure | W7 | |
| corrida | n.fem | corrida, act of running | W7 | |
| kargar | vb | to load | W7 | |
| Mexican Spanish: | corrido | n.masc | corrido | LRC |
| Old French: | char | n.masc | wheeled vehicle | W7 |
| chargier | vb | to charge | W7 | |
| chariot | n.masc | chariot | W7 | |
| courre | vb | to run | W7 | |
| course | n.fem | run, course | W7 | |
| coursier | vb | to course | W7 | |
| curant | vb.pres.ptc | current, running | W7 | |
| sucors | n.masc | aid, help | W7 | |
| Old North French: | car | n.masc | vehicle | W7 |
| carier | vb | to transport in vehicle | W7 | |
| carpentier | n.masc | carpenter | W7 | |
| carquier | vb | to load, burden, worry | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | carre | n.masc | wagon, vehicle | W7 |
| Middle French: | carière | n.fem | career | W7 |
| carroche | n.fem | carriage | W7 | |
| chariot | n.masc | chariot | W7 | |
| concours | n.masc | concourse, contest | W7 | |
| corridor | n.masc | hallway, corridor | W7 | |
| corsair(e) | n.masc | corsair, pirate | W7 | |
| courante | adj.fem | running | W7 | |
| courir | vb | to run | W7 | |
| courrier | n.masc | mail, courier | W7 | |
| descharger | vb | to unload, discharge | W7 | |
| entercours | n.masc | intercourse | W7 | |
| recours | n.masc | recourse | W7 | |
| French: | carriole | n.fem | carriage mounted on wooden bars for riding on snow | W7 |
| cursive | adj.fem | cursive, re: writing | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | carriera | n.fem | street | W7 |
| carriola | n.fem | cariole | W7 | |
| corsari | n.masc | pirate | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | carro | n.masc | car | W7 |
| carroccio | n.masc | luxurious carriage | W7 | |
| correre | vb | to run | W7 | |
| corridore | n.masc | hallway, corridor | W7 | |
| corriere | n.masc | courier | W7 | |
| corsaro | n.masc | corsair, pirate | W7 | |
| Italian: | caricare | vb | to load, burden | W7 |
| caricatura | n.fem | caricature | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Serbian: | husar | n | hussar, highwayman | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
