Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kes- 'to comb, itch, scratch'
Semantic Field(s): Comb, to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-snyðð(i)an | vb | to rob, divest, deprive | ASD/IEW |
| Middle English: | hardes, herdes, hyrdes | n.pl | hards | CDC |
| English: | hards, hurds | n.pl | refuse/coarse part of flax/hemp/wool | CDC/IEW |
| novaculite | n | fine-grained siliceous rock | AHD/W7 | |
| snug | adj | taut, trim, compact, seaworthy | AHD/W7 | |
| xyster | n | surgeon's instrument for scraping bones | AHD/CDC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | snabul | n | beak | KDW |
| German: | Schnabel | n | beak | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | snöggr | adj | shorn, bald | W7 |
| Swedish: | snygg | adj | snug, tidy | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | novā-cula | n.fem | knife, razor | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | xūein | vb | to scrape | AHD |
| xūstēr | n | xyster, scraper | AHD | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
