Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. leig-, leig̑- 'to tie, bind, ligate'
Semantic Field(s): to Bind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | alay | n | alloy | AHD |
| allien | vb | to ally | W7 | |
| leche | n | leech | W7 | |
| ligament | n | ligament | W7 | |
| ligature | n | ligature | W7 | |
| obligen | vb | to oblige | W7 | |
| relien | vb | to rally | W7 | |
| religioun | n | religion | W7 | |
| English: | alloy | n | fineness, comparative purity re: mixture with base metal(s) | AHD/W7 |
| alloy | vb | to reduce purity by mixing with other metal(s) | W7 | |
| ally | vb | to associate, unite/form connection between | AHD/W7 | |
| colligate | vb.trans | to bind/group/unite together | AHD/W7 | |
| furl | vb | to wrap/roll (sail/flag) around/close to something | AHD/W7 | |
| league | n | association of nations/political entities | AHD/W7 | |
| leech | n | vertical edge of square sail | AHD/W7 | |
| legato | adv | smooth, with successive tones connected (music) | AHD/W7 | |
| liable | adj | responsible, obligated by law/equity | AHD/W7 | |
| liaison | n | interrelationship, close bond/connection | AHD/W7 | |
| liana | n | climbing woody vine | AHD/W7 | |
| lien | n | charge on real/personal property for debt satisfaction | AHD/W7 | |
| ligament | n | tough tissue band connecting bones/supporting organs | AHD/W7 | |
| ligate | vb.trans | to tie with ligature | AHD/W7 | |
| ligature | n | something used to tie/bind | AHD/W7 | |
| oblige | vb | to compel, force | AHD/W7 | |
| rally | vb | to muster for common purpose | AHD/W7 | |
| religion | n | service/worship of God/supernatural | AHD/W7 | |
| rely | vb.intrans | to trust, have confidence | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | ligg | n | league | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | alloi | n | alloy | TLL |
| Middle Low German: | līk | n | bolt-rope | W7 |
| Middle High German: | geleich | n | joint | W7 |
| German: | Religion | n.fem | religion | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | alligo, alligāre | vb | to bind | W7 |
| colligo, colligare, colligavi, colligatus | vb | to bind together | W7 | |
| ligamen | n.neut | band, tie | W7 | |
| ligamentum | n.neut | band, tie, ligament | W7 | |
| ligo, ligāre, ligāvī, ligātus | vb | to tie, bind | W7 | |
| obligo, obligare | vb | to bind to | W7 | |
| religio, religionis | n.fem | religion, reverence, scrupulousness | W7 | |
| religo, religare | vb | to tie back | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | ligatura | n.fem | ligature | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | ligamentum | n.neut | ligament | W7 |
| Portuguese: | ligar | vb | to ligate | TLL |
| Spanish: | ligar | vb | to ligate | TLL |
| Old French: | alier | vb | to unite | W7 |
| lier | vb | to bind | W7 | |
| obliger | vb | to oblige | W7 | |
| ralier | vb | to rally | W7 | |
| Old North French: | allai | n | alloy | AHD |
| allayer | vb | to alloy | AHD | |
| ferlier | vb | to tie tightly | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | liable | adj | liable, bound | W7 |
| Middle French: | aloi | n.masc | alloy, combination (of metals) | W7 |
| aloier | vb | to combine | W7 | |
| ferler | vb | to tie tightly | W7 | |
| liaison | n.fem | liaison | W7 | |
| lien | n.masc | band, binding | W7 | |
| lier | vb | to bind | W7 | |
| ligature | n.fem | ligature, binding | W7 | |
| ligue | n.fem | league of countries, tribes, etc. | W7 | |
| relier | vb | to rally, connect | W7 | |
| French: | aloi | n | alloy | AHD |
| liaison | n.fem | liaison, connection, link | W7 | |
| liane | n.fem | liana | W7 | |
| lier | vb | to tie | W7 | |
| rallier | vb | to rally | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | liga | n.fem | league | W7 |
| ligare | vb | to bind | W7 | |
| Italian: | legare | vb | to ligate | TLL |
| legato | n.masc | legacy | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | lith | vb | to tie | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |