Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: nek̑- 'death, dying, necrosis; corpse'
Semantic Field(s): to Die; Dead; Death, Corpse, Body
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | innocent | adj | innocent | W7 |
nigromancie | n | necromancy, magic | W7 | |
nocent | adj | nocent, guilty, criminal | W7 | |
nusaunce | n | nuisance | W7 | |
English: | innocent | adj | blameless, free from sin/guilt | AHD/W7 |
innocuous | adj | harmless, causing no injury | AHD/W7 | |
internecine | adj | deadly, marked by slaughter | AHD/W7 | |
necr(o)- | pfx | dead, death | AHD/W7 | |
Necromancer | prop.n | Sauron in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
necromancy | n | conjuration of/divination re: dead spirits | AHD/W7 | |
necrosis | n | (localized) tissue death | AHD/W7 | |
nectar | n | drink of Greek/Roman gods | AHD/W7 | |
nectarine | n | aromatic peach with smooth waxy skin | AHD | |
nocent | adj | harmful | AHD/W7 | |
nocuous | adj | harmful, likely to cause injury | AHD/W7 | |
noxious | adj | harmful, destructive | AHD/W7 | |
nuisance | n | annoyance, injury | AHD/W7 | |
obnoxious | adj | susceptible to hurtful influence | AHD/W7 | |
pernicious | adj | deadly, highly destructive/injurious | AHD/W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | innocens, innocentis | adj | innocent, having no harmful intent | W7 |
innocuus | adj | harmless | W7 | |
internecinus | adj | leading to massacre | W7 | |
interneco, internecāre | vb | to kill, destroy | W7 | |
necō, necāre | vb | to kill | W7 | |
nectar | n.neut | nectar | W7 | |
nex, necis | n.fem | violent death | W7 | |
nocens, nocentis | adj | wicked | W7 | |
noceo, nocēre | vb | to harm | W7 | |
nocuus | adj | hurtful | W7 | |
noxa | n.fem | harm | W7 | |
noxius | adj | harmful | W7 | |
obnoxius | adj | liable, guilty | W7 | |
pernicies | n.fem | destruction | W7 | |
perniciosus | adj | dangerous, treacherous | W7 | |
Late Latin: | necromantia | n.fem | necromancy | W7 |
necrosis | n.fem | death of living tissue | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | nigromantia | n.fem | necromancy | W7 |
Old French: | nuisir | vb | to harm | W7 |
Anglo-French: | nusaunce | n.fem | nuisance | W7 |
Middle French: | innocent | adj | innocent | W7 |
nigromancie | n.fem | necromancy | W7 | |
French: | pernicieux | adj | rampant, subtle, treacherous | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | νεκρός | n.masc | corpse | LRC |
nekrow | vb | to make dead | W7 | |
nekrōsis | n.fem | necrosis | W7 | |
nektar | n.neut | nectar | W7 | |
Late Greek: | nekromanteia | n.fem | necromancy | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |